Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences - 2018; 34(4)

Detoxification of aflatoxin in poultry feed: An update

Halis Oğuz, Emre Bahçivan, Teslime Erdoğan — 2018-12-01

In this meta-analytical study, in vivo experimental studies with adsorbents and biological products as feed additives for inactivation of aflatoxin (AF) in poultry feeds are summarized. Totally, 231 researches carried out in 42 different countries were examined and listed with the first authors country name and presented their results in summary. This review presents the results of the experiments for nutritionists in the feed industry and scientists and provides a basis for total evaluation on the basis of regional results. The studies have been performed mostly in broilers (85%) among poultry species; and mostly in humid countries and/or the countries which import feedstuffs from them. Experiments to reduce negative effects of AF in poultry feed have been mainly performed with clays such as bentonites (BENT) and hydrated Na Ca aluminosilicate (HSCAS) single or in combination with biological matters such as yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; SCE) and yeast derivates (Esterified glucomannan; EGM). The best way for producers and researchers, it is preferable to evaluate the preventive efficacy of feed additives as total in terms of performance, biochemical-hematological, immunological and gross and histo-pathological parameters, comparing AF group with AF plus feed additive groups. Scientists can assess the preventive efficacy and practical usability of feed additives in more detail by following the titles of articles, associate authors and/or materials and methods of related articles. In fact, for application in practice, focus on limiting AF contamination by optimizing harvesting and storage conditions should be stressed instead of expecting miracles from feed additives which have shown positive effects under experimental conditions.

The effect of preliminary body weight of the Limousin cattle on the economic fattening performance

Mehmet Saltuk Arıkan, Emin Ertan Gökhan — 2018-12-01

Aim: This research was carried out to evaluate the preliminary body weights of the Limousin Cattles, imported from abroad, in Turkeys conditions on the cattles fattening performance in terms of its technical and economic aspects. Materials and Methods: The material of the research was composed of the data belonging to the 270 days of fattening about 6-12 month-old 60 male Limousin cattle, imported from abroad. The cattle of which the initial live-weights was 260 kg or less were defined as Group I, those between 261 and 280 kg as Group II and those over 281 kg as Group III. Results: According to the results of the research, the preliminary body weight was calculated as 273,63±21,98 kg, the final body weight as 622,70±19,94 kg, the average daily body weight gain as 1,29 kg and also the feed conversion ratio as 6,45 kg. The highest profit per animal was found in the group 1, while the average live weight cost per animal was 12.27 TL/kg (3.40 US$/kg) and the live weight increase cost per animal was found to be 8.58 TL/kg (2.38 US$/kg), respectively. Conclusion: The enterprises conduct their fattening activities with different breeds of imported animals. The evaluation for the limousin cattle revealed that breeding the low weight young animals at the beginning of the fattening increases the enterprises profit per animal. On the other hand, because of the high costs of fattening material, it is noteworthy to carry out such studies in livestock animals of different breeds in terms of effective use of resources.

Current problems and suggestions for the marketing and use of medical products in the field of animal health and breeding

Burak Mat, Mustafa Bahadır Çevrimli, Aytekin Günlü — 2018-12-01

Aim: In this study, the current situation in the supply, use and marketing of medicinal products of the veterinary clinic, policlinic and animal hospital services in Konya, Aydın, İstanbul and İzmir provinces has been tried to be revealed. Materials and Methods: The data of the study were obtained from the enterprises with data collection form, operating in 4 different cities (56 of them total).Simple random and snowball sampling methods were used in the determination of the enterprises included in the study.A 5-point Likert-type scale was applied for the opinions of the responsible veterinarian. Results: Within the scope of the survey, 30,4% of the organizations interviewed are in İzmir, 33,8% in Konya, 17,9% in Istanbul and 17,9% in Aydın. In the proportional distribution of business revenues, the gains obtained from patient visit fees were ranked first with 24%, artificial insemination revenues are second with 19% and the income from chemical agents such as drugs was the third with 16%. It has been reported that the primary factor in the supply of medicines is the drug's effectiveness and the most important problem in marketing is the difficulty of collecting money from customers. It has been reported that the most important factor in spot market formation is the veterinarians themselves. Conclusion: Distribution of medicines for solving the problems encountered, sales process, monitoring after the licensing process, etc. it is necessary to establish a comprehensive legislation covering all aspects. The findings of the study reveal that the e-prescription system, which has recently been introduced into practice, is an important opportunity in terms of eliminating existing problems completely and making the industry closed to unjustified and unfounded accusations. It has been agreed that an e-prescription system should be planned to encourage animal owners / breeders and veterinarians to achieve the desired goal.

The properties of kashar cheese produced with added rennet casein

Abdullah Badem, Gürkan Uçar — 2018-12-01

Aim: It was aimed to investigate the changes in the chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of kashar cheese produced by adding different rates of rennet casein during ripening. Materials and Methods: Bovine milk (3,0% fat) was heated (37˚C), enzyme was added. After clotting, pressure and fermantation, emulsifying salts (0,1%), salt (1,5%) and rennet casein (%0-control, 0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0) was added. Produced cheese at melting tank (65˚C, 5 min) was packaged and was ripened (8˚C, 90 days). In samples, dry matter was conducted with gravimetric, fat with Gerber, salt with Mohr and titration acidity with % lactic acidity. Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, S.aureus, coliform bacteria, yeast-mould contents of the samples were examined. Sensory evaluation was performed by 7 panelists. One-way Anova test and Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for istatistically analysis. Results: Cheeses were ripened at 8˚C and were analyzed during the ripening period (90 days). pH value was found between 5,62-5,76, acidity 0,55-0,83L.a., drymatter 54,93-58,04%, salt 1,22-1,37%, salt in drymatter 2,21-2,45%, fat 23,67-25,33% and fat in drymatter 41,20-45,46%. Mean values were determined to TAMB 5,17-5,75 logcfu/g, LAB 5,49-6,98 logcfu/g, mould- yeast 3,66-4,88 logcfu/g. There was a significant difference (p<0,05) on titratable acidity and pH of the cheeses, but no difference (p> 0,05) was found on other criteria. Total scores were between 20,62-22,19 point at sensory evaluation. In the sensory analysis, 3rd group cheese in terms of external appearance and 2nd group cheese in terms of internal appearance statistically have significant difference (p <0,05). Conclusion: In the production of kashar cheese, it can be stated that production can be made and ripening can be achieved by adding rennet casein.

Comparison of cultural and immunological methods for the evaluation of foodborne intoxications risk caused by Staphylococcus aureus in white cheese, raw milk, minced meat and Inegol meatball

2018-12-01

Aim: The objective of this study was to analyze the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of white cheese, raw milk, ground meat and İnegöl meatballs and to determine the contamination of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and presence its toxin. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 samples including white cheese (n=50), raw milk (n=50), ground meat (n=50) and İnegöl meatballs (n=50) were collected. The samples were evaluated in terms of classical cultural microbiological methods total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total psychrophilic aerobic bacteria (TPAB), coliform, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and S. aureus], physical and chemical analyzes (pH, acidity and, dry matter). The presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) was investigated using the VIDAS Staph enterotoxin kit based on enzymelinked fluorescent immunoassay (ELFA). Results: Average pH values in raw milk, white cheese, minced meat and İnegöl meatballs were 6.53, 4.82, 5.99 and 6.63; dry matter values were 12.51%, 37.71%, 38.97%, 49.70%, and the total lactic acidities were 0.16%, 0.67%, 0.08% and 0.40%, respectively. TMAB (4.53-9.86 log10CFU/g-ml), TPAB (3.39-7.69 log10CFU / g-ml), coliform bacteria (2.04-8.53 log10CFU/gml), LAB (2.90-7.64 log10CFU/g-ml) and S. aureus (2.61-6.46 log10CFU/g-ml) were counted across a wide range. SEs was detected in 1 (2%) of İnegöl meatball samples and 29 (58%) of ground meat samples. Conclusion: Since all strains of S. aureus are not responsible for the production of SEs, it should be considered to detect the SE together with cultural methods in the evaluation of staphylococcal food intoxications and production of safe food.

Reporting observational studies in veterinary research: Turkish adaptation of the STROBE-VET criterias

2018-12-01

Aim: This study, the Turkish version of the STROBE-VET was made to strengthen the reporting of observational studies in the veterinary field and making the usage of the STROBE-VET better understood by the researchers. Materials and Methods: STROBE-VET criteria have been translated into Turkish by 4 researchers (TB, FG, ES, MAT), each independent from the other. The translation was finalized with the collection of the group. Then, an expert translator was reversed and its compliance with the criteria was evaluated. Secondly, in order to assess the Turkish control list whether it is understood correctly by the researchers, 20 studies in the field of veterinary sciences have been evaluated by two veterinarians (DÖ and MBÇ). The correspondence between the responses of the researchers was examined using the percentage of compliance between researchers for each criterion. In addition, it was assessed using the Bland-Altman Method and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) using the total number of reported criteria. Results: According to results, criteria has a great variation in the frequency of reporting in the studies. ICC values ranged from 0.351 to 0.890. Conclusion: The Turkish version of STROBE-VET will be a guide for the referees and editors of journals as well as researchers studying in the field of veterinary science.

Evaluation of concordance between measurement techniques using graphical methods and regression models with an application

Doğukan Özen — 2018-12-01

Aim: The aim of this study was to introduce the graphical (Bland Altman and Mountain Plot) and methodogical (Passing- Bablok and Deming Regression analysis) methods which are used to evaluate the rational and absolute agreement between two measurement techniques with the help of an application data set. Materials and Methods: A total of 84 thymus tissue specimens provided by a researcher in the field were included in the study. TUNEL (Method 1) and Caspase 3 immunohistochemistry techniques (Method 2) were applied to the sections taken from the blocks of these tissue samples. The apoptotic cells in the tissue samples were counted using both methods. Bland Altman and Mountain Plot graphical methods and Passing-Bablok and Deming regression analyzes were used to examine the concordance of the two measurement methods. Results: Results showed that there was a systematic constant error (bias) between the two measurement methods and the TUNEL method gave an average of 4.11 units higher than the Caspase 3 immunohistochemistry method. However, it was determined that there was no proportional bias between the two techniques. Also, there was a moderate positive correlation between the two methods (ρc=0.51, 95%CI: 0.41-0.60). Conclusion: Erroneous approaches used in method comparison studies were discussed and alternative methods were presented with an application that can be used to obtain unbiased results.

Determination of risk factors and patient profile in human hydatidosis

Ahmet Korul, Mustafa Köse, Sezgin Yılmaz — 2018-12-01

Aim: This study was carried out in Afyonkarahisar to determine the patient profile and to reveal risk factors in human hydatidosis (cystic echinococcosis) out in Afyonkarahisar region, Turkey. Materials and Methods: The hospital records of 166 patients diagnosed with hydatidosis and treated surgically were evaluated. The patients were subjected to a questionnaire consisting of 30 questions. Results: The incidence of hydatidosis was found to be higher in women (53%) than in men (47%). Cysts shoved the highest proportion in the liver (53%) and in the lungs (40.4%) and lowest in the brain (1.2%). Infection was exclusively concentrated between 50 and 59 (19.9%) year old patients and the lowest was in the 0-9 (2, 4%) age group. The rate was 49.1% in the elementary- secondary education group and 0.6% in the post graduate studies group. There was a close association between the incidence and patient's income. Patients had lower income (less the 10.000 TL) showed higher incidence (48.8%) whereas those having higher income (50.000 TL and over) had the lowest incidence rate (0.6%). Incidence was higher in rural residents (62%) than in urban residents (38%). Hydatidosis was found to be higher in dog owners (54.8%) than in non-dog owners (45.2%). Conclusion: Hydatidosis is considered a very important public health problem with major socio-economic impacts in countries where it is particularly endemic. Patient profiles, demographics and risk factors are extensively presented in hydatidosis, an important parasitic zoonosis that threatens public health in Turkey in this study.

Effects of egg laying week on some egg quality characteristics of Rock partridges (A. graeca)

Kemal Kırıkçı, Orhan Çetin, Mustafa Garip, Aytekin Günlü — 2018-12-01

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of egglaying week on some egg quality characteristics of rock partridges. Materials and Methods: Quality characteristics of 160 partridge eggs obtained from 34-41 week ages were investigated. 144 rock partridges in 32 week of ages were used as research material. Results: It was determined that the effects of egg-laying week on egg weight, shape index, yolk index, albumen index, egg shell weight, shell thickness, Haugh Unite, membrane weight and albumen weight were found statistically important (P<0.05). The effects of egg-laying week on yolk weight was found not important (P>0.05). Egg weight, shape index and yolk index of partridge eggs has been increased according to egg-laying week (P<0.05). While albumen index, shell membrane weight, shell membrane thickness has been decreased with the egg-laying week (P<0.05). Conclusion: Some internal and external quality characteristics of partridge eggs were determined and also the differences in these characteristics according to egg-laying week were investigated. it can be recommended further investigations should be carried out on the other factors effecting the quality characteristics of partridge eggs.

Determination of the effect of different synchronization protocols on fetal sex in heifers

Mehmet Buğra Kıvrak, İbrahim Aydın, Ahmet Semacan, Yusuf Ziya Çakır — 2018-12-01

Aim: The aim of this study was to detect the effect of different synchronization protocols on fetal sex in heifers. Materials and Methods: Heifers (n=120) were divided randomly into three groups. The heifers in the first group (n=40), the second group (40), and the third group (n=40) were synchronized with two doses of PGF2α, Ovsynch, and intravaginal progesterone respectively. Pregnant heifers were followed up and the sexes of calves were recorded. Operation records of the last year were taken in order for better evaluation. Results: In the first group, the pregnancy rate was 42.7% and 11 of calves born were male, 6 of them were female. In the second group, 45% pregnancy rate was achived and 7 of calves born of these pregnancies were male, 11 of which were female. As for the third group, 40,0% pregnancy rate was achived and 8 of calves born of these pregnancies were male, 8 of them female. When the operating records belongs to previous year were analyzed, it was determined that 48,1% female calf 51,9% male calves were born. No significant differences were found in pregnancy rate and fetal sex rate between different groups (P>0.05). Moreover, there was no statistical difference in gender ratio when datas compared with operating records (P>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, it was determined that different synchronization methods had no effect on fetal sex. Although there was no significant differences between groups, more male calves in PGF2α and more female calves were born in Ovsynch group.

Effect of repeated administration of diclofenac sodium and meloxicam on coagulation parameters in sheep

2018-12-01

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of diclofenac sodium and meloxicam administrations on coagulation parameters in sheep. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 12 Akkaraman healthy sheep and they were divided into two groups as the diclofenac sodium group (DS) and meloxicam group (MS), equally. In the DS group, diclofenac sodium (2.5 mg / kg) and in MS group, meloxicam (0.5 mg / kg) was administered intramuscularly once daily for 3 days. Blood samples were taken before the drug administration (0 h) and at 72 hours following administration. The plasma fibrinogen, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), D-dimer and platelet count (PLT) levels were determined at 0 and 72 hours. Results: During the study, there was no difference in the clinical examination findings of the groups. No statistically differences (P > 0.05) were found in fibrinogen, APTT, PT, D-dimer, and PLT parameters in the DS and MS groups at 0 and 72 hours. Conclusion: It may be stated that administrations of diclofenac sodium and meloxicam for 3 days in sheep may not cause any change in the coagulation parameters.