Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences - 2020; 36(2)

Socio-economic structure and current problems of Saanen goat farms in Çanakkale province

Arzu Gökdai, Engin Sakarya — 2020-06-01

Aim: This study was carried out to reveal the socio-economic structure and present problems of Saanen goat farms in Çanakkale province. Materials and Methods: The primary data obtained from the Saanen goat farms by using questionnaire which are the members of Sheep and Goat Breeders' Association of Çanakkale province. The sample size consisted of 92 enterprises obtained by simple random sampling method. Results of the enterprises in 2017 were evaluated by means of descriptive analysis methods such as mean, percentage distribution and frequency, and statistically differences between 2016 and 2017 for some technical data were evaluated by independent t-test. Results: It was determined that the education level of the farmers was 63.04%, the average age was 43.64 years and the average professional experience was 12.47 years. The average milk yield per animal was 1.95 kg per day and the average lactation period was 228.15 days. The main problems in the enterprises were found as the instability in milk prices, insufficient marketing infrastructure and producer organization. Conclusion: Saanen goat breeding is an important production sector in terms of employment. The fact that the capital / income coefficient in animal husbandry is lower compared to other sectors that may play important role in creating employment and reducing unemployment. In addition to breeding activities that play a role in increasing milk yield per animal, it is also important to improve care and feeding, health and hygiene conditions in the farms. Increasing the effectiveness of cooperatives in marketing is also necessary for added value to be provided to producers.

The effect of different cooking techniques on some sensory properties of pheasant meats

2020-06-01

Aim: The aim of the study was to eliminate the concerns that preference of pheasant meat on dinning tables and determine the effect of scalding, baking and frying techniques on the some sensory properties of pheasant meats. Materials and Methods: 9 female, 9 male pheasants fed for 18 weeks were used as research material. Each cooking technique applied to 3 male and 3 female pheasants. Six people were used as panelists. In sensory analysis, general appearance, smell, flavor, texture and general taste criteria were used. Results: In sensory analysis, the most favored cooking techniques was frying, baking and scalding, respectively. The effect of cooking techniques on the texture was found to be insignificant while the effect on overall appearance, smell and overall taste of meat was found to be significant (p<0.01). In terms of flavor, only the difference between scalding and frying was found to be significant (p<0.01). As a result, it was determined that all the techniques of frying, scalding and baking to pheasant meat could be applied and positive results would be obtained. Conclusion: With different cooking techniques, it is concluded that pheasant meat will be appreciated by consumers and this appreciation will contribute to the increase of cooking research in pheasant meats, the presentation of products in different ways and the revitalization of gastronomic tourism. It can be said that the increase of these studies will also contribute to the reintroduction of pheasant dishes into the Turkish culinary literature and may contribute to the spread of pheasant farming.

Milk yield and some milk quality traits of Akkaraman, Bafra and Bafra x Akkaraman F1 sheep

Mücahit Kahraman, Banu Yüceer Özkul — 2020-06-01

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate milk yield and some milk quality traits, of Akkaraman (Akk), Bafra (Baf) and Bafra x Akkaraman (F1) sheep. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out at Gözlü State Farm. A total 75 head Akkaraman, Bafra ve Bafra x Akkaraman F1 cross sheep have been used as animal material in the study. Results: The overall means in sheep from Akk, Baf and F1 were detected as 683,61±30,08; 849,76±55,63 and 753,17±54,90 g for daily milk yield; 99,57; 126,40 and 112,52 kg for milk yield; 133,12; 135,84 and 133,80 day for lactation duration respectively. The highest daily milk yields was assesed on 45th day of lactation period. The overall means in sheep from Akk, Baf and F1 were found as %5,85; 5,44 and 5,67 (P>0,05) for fat rate; %5,09; 5,02 and 5,03 (P>0,05) for protein rate; %4,89; 5,04 and 5,02 (P>0,05) for lactose rate; %16,81; 16,42 and 16,67 for dry matter rate; 275,46; 216,48 and 258,86 x103/ml (P>0,05) for somatic cell count respectively. Conclusion: It was determined that the crossing study of Bafra x Akkaraman F1 genotype sheep showed positive results in terms of milk yield. Milk yield traits of cross genotype was good level and its milk quality was appropriate to the values reported for sheep milk. According to these results, it can be said that the new genotype should be used in milk yield and lamb production.

The investigation of Israil acute bee paralysis virus, sacbrood virus, kashmir bee virus and chronic bee paralysis virus in honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Abdurrahman Anıl Çağırgan, Yakup Yıldırım, Ayşegül Usta — 2020-06-01

Aim: This study aims to investigate the presence and prevalence of Israel acute bee paralysis virus (IAPV), Sacbrood virus (SBV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV) and Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) by Reverz Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) method in apiaries around Burdur region. Materials and Methods: During the study, 30 beehives from 15 apiaries were selected randomly and sampling procedures were carried out. 30 adult bees were collected from each of the sampled hives to form a pool. After the samples were homogenized, total nucleic acid extraction was performed and then viral nucleic acid was searched by RT-PCR method using specific primers. Results: In this study, in consequence of analyzing 30 samples from 15 apiaries by RT-PCR method, SBV was detected in 10 samples obtained from 5 apiaries (33.3%) and CBPV was found in 4 samples from 2 apiaries (13.3.%). IAPV and KBV were not detected. As a result of evaluations, 4 samples from 2 apiaries were considered to have been infected with both SBV and CBPV, which means a mixed infection occurred in these hives. Conclusion: It is clear that the so-called diseases were regarded important in terms of beekeeping in not only Burdur region but also in the other regions of Turkey and serious precautions should be taken to prevent infections. Struggling with bee parasites that play the key role in transmission viral agents and enhancing the immune resistance of bees and obeying the rules of hygiene and sanitation should not be ignored in protecting bee health. Besides, the future studies on honeybee viruses should be planned to include wider areas and populations and to reveal viral phylogenies.

Investigation of seroprevalence of maedi-visna disease in sheep flocks in Afyonkarahisar province

Ömer Barış İnce — 2020-06-01

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to determine the presence of Maedi-Visna Virus (MVV) infection in sheep in Afyonkarahisar province serologically and to analyze the risk factors associated with MVV infection in the region. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 248 serum samples were randomly collected from 22 sheep flocks considering the epidemiological sample size from the region between May 2016 and April 2018. Collected samples were tested with the ELISA kit for MVV specific antibodies. Potential MVV risk factors were evaluated statistically by univariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The seropositivity in the ensampled animals was found to be 5.65% (14/248), and it was 13.63% on the basis of flock (3/22). Seropositivity was determined to be 3.94% and 13.33% in males and females, respectively. On the basis of animals, there was a statistically significant relationship between the presence of goat in the flock and gender and seropositivity of the disease infection (p <0.05). Conclusion: Flocks in which sheep with persistent MV infection with a viral disease which is characterized by slow progress followed by a gradual increase in severity and results in death leading to economic losses in the sheep sector are detected, should be monitored periodically for viral factors leading to economic losses. Considering the results of this study, it is thought that analyzing epidemiology of MV infection in flocks through regular monitoring and developing strategies for controlling it would be useful.

Protective effect of nigella sativa and thymoquinone on relative liver weight increase caused by aflatoxin in broilers

Mehmet Burak Ateş, Mustafa Ortatatlı — 2020-06-01

Aim: It is aimed to determine the preventive effect of black seed (Nigella sativa L; NS) and its pharmaceutically active substance volatile fatty acid thymoquinone on relative liver weight increase in broiler in aflatoxicosis.. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty 1-d-old broiler chicks were used and divided into 6 equal groups and fed for 28 days. Animals were received feed with 2 mg/kg total aflatoxin (AF; AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), 5% black seed (NS) and 300 mg/kg thymoquinone (TQ), according to the groups; Control, AF, NS, TQ, AF+NS and AF+TQ. At the end of the experiment, euthanasia was performed by decapitation after determination of the live weight of ten broiler chickens in all groups, and systemic necropsies were performed. The liver, the main target organ for AF, was removed and weighed to determine relative organ weight. The relative liver weights were calculated as % (liver weight x 100 / live body weight). Results: Aflatotoxin application significantly increased the relative weight of the liver (P<0,01). While the difference was not significant in the TQ group compared to the control group, a significant increase in liver weight was found in the NS group. Addition of TQ to feeds with AF significantly reduced the relative liver weight values to normal. NS effect was found more partial compared to TQ. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was thought that TQ and NS prevented the relative liver weight increase, an important biomarker for aflatoxicosis, by probably ameliorating lipid metabolism and transport which is impaired by the toxic effect of AF.

Safety of an antiprotozoal drug combination in sheep

Merve İder, Amir Naseri, Tuğba Melike Parlak, Aidai Zhunushova, Enver Yazar — 2020-06-01

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the possible side effects in sheep of combined administration of imidocarb, buparvaquone, and oxytetracycline, which are antiprotozoal drugs against bloodborne parasites, at the maximum dose and treatment period. . Materials and Methods: Imidocarb (2.4 mg/kg), buparvaquone (2.5 mg/kg), and oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) were administered simultaneously by intramuscular injection to 10 sheep, and a second combined dose was administered 3 days later. Blood samples were taken before (0 control) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 days after drug administrations. Malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2?-deoxyguanosine, troponin I, and creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme levels were determined with ELISA reader, and cardiac, hepatic, and renal damage markers were measured with autoanalyzer. Blood gas and hemogram parameters were also determined. Results: No oxidative stress (p>0.05) was observed in the sheep, whereas increased (p<0.05) lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose levels were determined. Although decreased (p<0.05) alkaline phosphatase, white blood cell counts, and sodium levels were measured, statistically significantly fluctuations were observed (p<0.05) in hemoglobin, bicarbonate, potassium, ionized calcium, and chlorine levels. Conclusion: The combination of imidocarb, buparvaquone, and oxytetracycline have not cause serious oxidative damage, cardiotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity in sheep, but this combination may show transient effects on liver function and blood gas and hemogram values. Therefore, caution should be exercised when using this combination in infected sheep.

The effects of local and systemic inflammatory status on iron metabolism and lipid profile in calves

Uğur Aydoğdu, İbrahim Yurdakul — 2020-06-01

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of local and systemic inflammatory status on iron metabolism and lipid profile in calves. Materials and Methods: A total of 56 calves, 39 sick and 17 healthy, were used in the study in different races and genders. The sick calves were divided into two groups as local (8 omphalitis and 11 arthritis) and systemic (10 enteritis and 10 pneumonia) inflammations. After routine clinical examinations of all the animals were performed, 8 ml of blood was taken for blood analysis and biochemical analyses were performed. Results: Serum iron, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and albumin levels were significantly (p <0.05) lower in calves with local and systemic inflammation compared to the control group. Serum urea and creatinine levels were significantly (p <0.05) higher in calves with systemic inflammation compared to the control group. Conclusion: As a result, it was evaluated that low iron, total cholesterol, HDL and albumin levels may indicate to local and systemic inflammation in calves.

Determination of phenotypical and genotypical characterization and antimicrobial resistance genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of dairy cows with mastitis

Mustafa Mohammed Saeed Al-Rubaye,Hasan Hüseyin Hadimli — 2020-06-01

Aim: Mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle and causes significant economic losses. Staphylococcus aureus produces many virulence factors that facilitate the adhesion and penetration of damaged tissues, and thereby, cause subclinical mastitis. This study was aimed at investigating the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus.. Materials and Methods: A total of 241 S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis cases were tested phenotypically (catalase, coagulase, haemolysis, DNase, mannitol fermentation and biofilm formation) and genotypically (by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique). Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using 15 different antibiotics. Results: While the isolates showed different levels of haemolytic activity (? 47%, ? 42%, ? 10% and ? 1%), only the ?-haemolytic strains produced a positive CAMP-like reaction. Although all isolates were able to grow on MSA containing 7.5% NaCl, mannitol fermentation activity was observed in 80.5% of the isolates. The nuc gene was detected in all isolates, but only 84.2% of the isolates showed DNase activity. The Congo red agar method can be used to detect the biofilm forming capability of isolates, but the crystal violet staining method gives more reliable results. The sec gene was the most common enterotoxin genes (84%). Three isolates harboured the mecA gene, but were sensitive to methicillin. Conclusion: Phenotypic variations among isolates result in the misclassification of S. aureus strains and require the use of molecular methods. The rapid and accurate molecular typing of S. aureus can aid in both determining the prevalence of this infectious microorganism and preventing epidemic infections.

A dog with multiple fracture

Nuriza Zamirbekova, Fatma Çuhadar Erdal, Mustafa Arıcan — 2020-06-01

Aim: The material of this case was a mixed breed female dog approximately 10 months old, weighing 8 kg, brought to the surgery clinic. In the clinical examination was shown crepitation, dislocation, asymmetry and severe pain in both hind legs and paralysis in the left hind. Radiography of the pelvis and extremities revealed oblique fracture in the right corpus ilium, right and left pubis and ischium fractures, luxation in the left sacroiliac joint. Oblique fracture in the diaphysis of the right femur and tibia, Salter Harris type IV fracture in the left femur and elbow luxation in the left forelimb was also observed. According to laboratory results, severe metabolic acidosis, base deficit, leukocytosis and hyperlactatemia were determined. The fluid and medical treatment was started immediately. The dog was initially stabilized in the intensive care unit before surgery. Surgical approaches for corpus ilium fracture was performed laterally. A lateral reconstruction plate was placed. The femoral fractures of both hind limbs were approached cranio-laterally. Fixation of the right and left femur fractures was achieved with locking compression plate. Locking compression plate with 8-hole was placed for the tibia fracture fixation by cranio-medial approach. Two cancelous screw was placed into the lateral condyle of the humerus and the caput of the radius for elbow. Post-operative observation of the patient was carried out for 4 weeks and discharged postoperatively. In multiple fracture cases, the operative procedure is decided by making classifications according to the fracture evaluation criteria (mechanical, biological and clinical) after providing life functions.

The importance and development of carcass classification and grading in beef cattle: An update

Engin Sakarya, Mustafa Bahadır Çevrimli, Mehmet Saltuk Arıkan — 2020-06-01

This study was conducted to evaluate the current situation in Turkey by providing information about the systems used in carcass classification and grading in beef cattle. Industrial goods and services must have a standard in their economy. Obtaining quality products is provided by production within the framework of determining standards. The carcasses obtained from beef cattle are standardized and graded to ensure their recognition in the market. Standardization and grading; ıt simplifies, facilitates and makes it less costly to move goods across the market channel. In livestock quality standardization, current production is divided into standard shares as much as possible; therefore, animal products are produced in a wide range of quality. The trend in the marketing of high-quality beef animals and carcasses is geared towards grading and yield. Carcass classification is used to accurately define the suitability and values of cattle and sheep carcasses according to their intended use. The main criteria used in the classification of cattle carcasses are weight, conformation and fatness. In the USA and European Union countries, the classification of beef carcasses plays an essential role in international meat trade marketing.