Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences - 2021; 37(3)

Evaluation of the effectiveness of bacteriophage therapy against Salmonella infections in mice

Hasan Hüseyin Hadimli, Aslı Sakmanoğlu, Gökçenur Sanioğlu Gölen — 2021-09-01

Aim: The increase of infections caused by antimicrobial resistant salmonellaehas become a serious problem worldwide. In this study, it was aimed to investigatethe efficacy of bacteriophage treatment in mouse models by preparinga cocktail with four ΦSP-3 lytic phages (Salmonella Dublin, S. Typhimurium, S.Anatum, S. Kentucky) isolated from cattle feces as an alternative application. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 mice (total 8 experimental groups andeach group included 10 mice) were challenged with salmonella strains by oralroute. After challenge, bacteriohage coctail to mice were administrated by oralroute. Mice were observed for occurence of morbidity and mortality for 20days. Also, faecal samples were bacteriologically examined to determine theeffect of bacteriophage treatment on the spreading of Salmonella species withfeces. Results: The morbidity and mortality were observed in two mice, administeredbacteriophage coctail following challenge with S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium.In addition, re-isolation of S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium from internalorgans in 2 death mice were done. The morbidity and mortality in mice challengedwith S. Kentucky and S. Anatum and administered bacteriophage coctailwas not observed and re-isolation from internal organs were not carried out.However, re-isolation from feces of mice in all groups were made. Conclusion: The findings of present study revealed that bacteriophage cocktailsobtained from cattle faeces prevented mortality and morbidity in Salmonellainfected mice, and reduced the spread of Salmonella spp. Therefore, bacteriophagetherapy could be used for protection against salmonella infections.

The effects of different cooking methods on some fatty acid composition in sea bass grown in marine, freshwater, and culture environments

Ali Şen, Gürkan Uçar — 2021-09-01

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the changes in fatty acid composition of sea bass fish grown in different environments (wild-freshwater environment, wild-marine environment, culture) as a result of applying three different cooking methods (deep fat frying, grilling, baking). Materials and Methods: 3 different cooking methods (deep fat frying, grilling, baking) were applied to sea bass fish grown in different environments (wild freshwater environment, wild marine environment, culture). 4 different groups were formed, including raw fish samples. The procedures applied in this research were carried out in triplicate. After the fish were washed and cleaned, they were made into fillets. Samples are adjusted to a minimum of 500 g. Fatty acid composition analysis was performed using the COI / T.20 / Doc.no.17 gas chromatographic method and GC-FID device. Results: he % fatty acids values obtained as a result of the analysis were determined as follows in the "freshwater, marine, culture" sea bass fish and in the "raw, deep fat frying, grilling, baking" cooking groups, respectively. Omega-3; (14.78; 9.19; 13.60; 9.89), (16.41; 9.35; 15.66; 10.34), (11.76; 9.73; 11.23; 9 ,41), omega-6; (18.52; 46.58, 12.36; 29.83), (22.53; 30.49; 12.86; 29.81), (18.19; 30.18; 18.30; 30 .34), saturated fat; (0.47; 0.51; 0.80; 0.38), (0.50; 0.58; 0.77; 0.50), (1.68; 1.21; 1.18; 2 .03), monounsaturated fat; (0.93; 1.29; 0.62; 0.97), (0.79; 1.35; 0.60; 1.16), (3.22; 2.73; 2.32; 4 .59), polyunsaturated fat; (0.70; 2.33; 0.51; 0.99), (0.93; 1.41; 0.56; 1.23), (2.45; 2.91; 1.72; 4 .83), ALA; (0.33; 1.31; 0.25; 0.63), (0.38; 0.27; 0.24; 0.57), (0.42; 0.42; 0.35; 0 ,28), EPA; (0.02; 0.01; 0.23; 0.02), (0.03; 0.01; 0.25; 0.03), (0.01; 0.01; 0.02; 0 .01), DHA; (5.72; 4.91; 10.64; 4.80), (8.26; 4.68; 12.36; 5.28), (5.47; 4.70; 5.18; 4 ,66). Conclusion: According to all fish groups and cooking methods, grilled wild sea bass is the most suitable in terms of omega-3. Freshwater sea bass cooked in deep fat fried is more suitable in terms of omega-6, baked cultured sea bass is more suitable in terms of mono and polyunsaturated fats, grilled wild marine sea bass is more suitable in terms of EPA and DHA. For deep fat frying methods is generally cultured fish more suitable, wild freshwater and marine fish are more suitable for oven cooking for diets low in saturated fat. When raw and cooked fish groups are compared, cooking processes have a significant effect on the approximate fatty acid composition of fish.

High blood iron and magnesium concentrations in broilers fed with different plants in free-range systems

2021-09-01

Aim: The effects of feeding with different plants on some biochemical parameters in free-range broiler farming were investigated. Materials and Methods: Hubbard Isa Red-JA broiler chicks were used: The 1st group (control) was fed ad libitum with consantrated feed in closed cages. The 2nd group was fed with Medicago sativa L, the 3rd group with Bromus inermis Leyss and the 4th group with 50% alfalfa+50% bromegrass cultivated areas, by means of mobile cages. Thymus vulgaris L. was cultivated among all groups. On the 42nd and 84th days, blood samples were taken from 8 of the chicks in each main group (totally 64 animals). Serum iron, magnesium, total lipid, urea, uric acid, creatinine, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin concentrations, and gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatin kinase activities were determined. Results: Iron concentrations increased in the 2nd and 3rd groups on the 42th day and in the 2nd and 4th groups on the 84th day, compared to control (p < 0.05). Magnesium concentrations were higher in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups, compared to control, on the 42nd day (p < 0.05). Total lipid concentrations were higher in the 3rd and 4th groups on the 42nd day, while lower in the 2nd group on the 84th day, compared to control (p < 0.05). Uric acid concentrations decreased on the 84th day in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups, compared to control (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It is suggested to feed broilers in free-range system with Medicago sativa L, Bromus inermis Leyss and Thymus vulgaris L.

Determination of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) values and lipid profiles in rats fed with corn syrup and trans oil added diets

Şeyma Karakarçayıldız Uyanık, Hitame Baş, Zafer Bulut, Mehmet Nizamlıoğlu — 2021-09-01

Aim: In recent years, corn syrup and trans fats have an important place in food production and consumption. Since trans fats (TF) and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) can cause similar negative effects on health, the aim of this study was to determine the changes in some biochemical parameters of an organism following the intake of HFCS and TF in the diet. Materials and Methods: Wistar Albino male rats (n = 24) were divided 4 equal groups. Control group (C) was fed with a standard rat feed, 2nd group with cotton fat, 3rd group with trans fat, and 4th group with trans fat and corn syrup for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected on day 0 by the supraorbital method and on day 60 by the intracardiac method under anesthesia. Glucose, HbA1c, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, AST, ALT, ALP, SOD, and GGT analyzes were performed. Results: In the present study, trans fats increased triglyceride concentration, decreased HDL concentration and caused changes in some liver enzyme values. Increase in glucose and triglyceride concentration and decrease in HDL and GGT analyzes were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The increase and decrease in LDL, AST and HbA1c analyzes were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: High fructose corn syrup and trans fatty acid found in foods ıt was concluded that the amount should be limited as much as possible, and these limitations will positively affect human health.

Does natural honey have beneficial effect on Honamlı buck semen during liquid storage?

Şükrü Güngör, Muhammed Enes İnanç, Sezgin Akyüz, Elif Andıl, Ayhan Ata — 2021-09-01

Aim: Honey has been produced by honey bee comprises high level of sugars which could be beneficial effects on spermatozoa. The main goal of this study was to determine the natural honey addition on the spermatological parameters of Honamlı buck spermatozoa during liquid storage at 4 °C up to 96 hours. Materials and Methods: At the breeding season a total of three Honamlı bucks were used in this study. Four extenders were prepared with tris-egg yolk first was as a control (no honey added) and others had concentrate as 1, 3 and 6% honey into the base extender. Sperm parameters were assessed including subjective motility, membrane integrity and abnormality at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 th hours. Results: The motility of Honamlı buck spermatozoa was higher control and 1% honey added group compared the 3% and 6% up to 96 hour (p<0.05). On the other hand 3 and 6% honey supplemented groups motility was getting worse until 24th hour (p<0.05). While membrane integrity results have shown that only 1% honey addition group higher than the other honey groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggested that 1% honey could be added to Tris based extender for improving the Honamlı buck sperm quality in short term storage.

Use of ultra-freezers of -152 °C as a viable alternative to liquid nitrogen in storing

Israa Mahmoud Almahad, Mehmet Borga Tırpan — 2021-09-01

Aim: This study aims to investigate the utilization of the ultra-freezer to store the semen at a -152 °C as an alternative method to traditional semen storage methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 straws were collected from two bulls on different days. The semen collected on the same day were sorted into two different groups. The experimental group of the study was composed of sperm stored at -152 °C for one week, while the control group was composed of sperm stored at -196 °C using the traditional storage method. At the end of the experimental period, frozen semen at -196 °C and -152 °C were thawed at a temperature of 37 °C water bath for 30 seconds. Then, the spermatological parameters and morphological properties of the sperm were examined by using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system (CASA). Results: The evaluation of semen samples yielded the following results; the motility and progressive motility of the frozen and stored sperm (69.66%; 37.61%) at -196 °C were higher than the values (54.54%; 28.72%) stored at -152 °C (p<0.001). The percentage of sperm with hyperactivity in group -196 and -152, was found to be 30.79% and 25.61%, respectively, (p<0.05). There was no statistical difference between kinetic values, and it was close to numerical values (p>0.05). Moreover, it was determined that the abnormal sperm rate was at 32% for the semen stored in liquid nitrogen and was 45% for the semen stored at -152 °C (p <0.001). Conclusion: As a result of the experiment, it was determined that the postthawing parameters of the sperms stored in -152 °C freezer were within acceptable ranges.

Investigation of small ruminant lentivirus infections by serological and molecular methods in Eastern Mediterranean region

Fırat Doğan, Veysel Soydal Ataseven, Seval Bilge Dağalp, Yaşar Ergün — 2021-09-01

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of small ruminant lentivirus infections in samples taken from goat and sheep farms. Materials and Methods: In this study, leukocyte and blood serum samples were taken from a total of 700 animals, including 260 sheep and 440 goats aged 6 months and over, from public-owned goats and sheep farms collected from the Eastern Mediterranean region (Hatay, Kahramanmaraş and Osmaniye) between 2015-2017 year. Serologic (ELISA) and molecular method (PCR) tests were used to reveal the presence of small ruminant lentivirus. Results: According to the results of ELISA and / or PCR tests, positivity was detected at a rate of 9.62% (25/260) in sheep, 9.32% (41/440) in goats and 9.43% (66/700) in all animals. In addition, as a result of the partial sequence analysis of the gag gene region, the presence of the B genotype of small ruminant lentivirus was detected in both sheep and goats. Conclusion: As a result, the situation of small ruminant lentiviruses in the Eastern Mediterranean (Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye) region in the recent past has been revealed. In this study, it was concluded that ELISA and PCR tests should be used together for the diagnosis of small ruminant lentivirus infections and complete herd-based eradication. In addition, it may be important to increase molecular studies, to reveal different subtypes by conducting detailed researches on different gene regions and full genome analysis, thus determining the subtypes circulating in the country.

Mitigation of the biosafety risks of SARS-CoV-2 at BSL-3 laboratories

2021-09-01

Aim: The aim of this study is to reduce the biosafety risks of laboratory exhaust air due to SARS-CoV-2 at a biosafety level-3 laboratory used for vaccine development against COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: In this study, the infrastructure and the organisation of the containment laboratory, which aimed to be used to struggle with pandemic, was used for risk assessment. Assessment of the laboratory exhaust air procedure as a component of the heating-ventilation-air conditioning system, which is significant for high-level biosafety laboratories, was conducted through a risk assessment matrix. Results: A heating system providing exhaust air exposure to heat at 90 C° before being discharged to the outside was selected as the risk mitigation strategy after the risk analysis. The system was established as an additional biosafety barrier before the discharge of laboratory exhaust air passing through high-efficiency particulate filters. The biosafety barriers provide a safer working environment by reducing the biological risk stemming from the laboratory work. It also strengthens the existing biosafety status by building a novel and extra biosafety barrier between the laboratory and the outside environment. The residual risk was reduced to an acceptable level with the help of an additional mitigation measure regarding reassessment. Conclusion: Conducting risk assessment peculiar to practices and the facility is a necessity for the successful biosafety system at high-level biosafety laboratories. According to the risk assessment carried out in this study, creating additional risk mitigation at laboratories by the guidance of a risk-averse approach particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic might provide biosafety advantages.

Investigation of adjuvant effect of viscum album and aesculus hippocastanum in FMD vaccines

Erdoğan Asar, Can Çokçalışkan, Tunçer Türkoğlu — 2021-09-01

Aim: In this study on guinea pigs, the relationships between neutralizing antibody titers produced by the addition of powder of Horse Chestnut seed and powder of Mistletoe dried leaves to the vaccines against Foot- and- Mouth Disease (FMD) were investigated and Quasi-Least Squares Regression (QLS) method in data analysis was introduced for the veterinary vaccine studies. Materials and Methods: The experimental FMD vaccines were administered to three groups by subcutaneous route. Whether the neutralizing antibody titer levels (NATL) in the three groups were different according to the homologuos virus neutralization test (VNT) was statistically analyzed. Blood samples were taken from the animals to measure NATL generated in animals as a result of vaccination. These blood samples were taken under general anaesthesia, six times after vaccination (7, 14, 28, 60, 120 and 270 days), NATL measurements were made. Analyzes on the longitudinal data obtained were performed with QLS and Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE) methods. Results: It was observed that the measurement times (days) in NATL variable (response variable) was not significant in both QLS and GEE methods (p >0.05). Similarly, the group effect was not found to be significant in both methods (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The fact that the group variable effect on NATL variable was not found to be statistically significant means that the effects of the addition of powder of Horse Chestnut seed and Mistletoe dried leaves to the FMD vaccines on the groups were not different.

In vitro meat (cultured meat) production

Yasin Akkemik, Ahmet Güner — 2021-09-01

Population growth, global warming, the negative impact of cattle breeding on the ozone layer, destruction of forests for livestock enterprises, foodborne diseases, pollution, etc. situations have led to efforts to meet the protein needs of people with alternative methods to traditional meat production. Meat substitutes produced from alternative protein sources, genetically modified organisms, and cloned animal production are a reflection of these studies. In vitro meat (culture et-IVM) is a meat production method that has been introduced for this purpose in recent years and can accommodate all studies on this subject. This method has been developed to produce meat in a laboratory using tissue engineering techniques. With IVM, consumers can be provided with healthier, safer, and diseasefree meat, and the negative environmental impacts associated with traditional meat production can be minimized. While the cost of the first IVM produced in 2013 was $ 330,000, today this cost has dropped to $ 11.36. The main problem of IVM, which has reached a level that can compete with traditional meat in production environments and equipment since 2015, is the reaction of the consumer to this meat. Although it is thought that it may take a long time for a positive reflection of the consumer response to the consumption of IVM as fresh meat, it seems inevitable that meat products produced using IVM will be placed on the market shelves in the near future. This article provides information about IVM manufacturing techniques, advantages, results, and potential.