Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences - 2004; 20(1)

Milk Yield Characteristics and Control in Sheep

Emine Hesna Şahin, Ali Akmaz — 2004-01-01

The amount of milk yield ol a sheep per day and lactation can oe determined by the milk yield controls. Milk yield controls are important in determining the amount of milk obtained during the lactation period, in ensuring data for increasing milk yield related to selection studies They are also important for being a criterion in milk sheep breed seleclion, in determining the animals with poor performance so as to make an accurate seleclion. In addition it will be possible, to feed the animals according to their real yield abilities and lo minimize the economic loses of yield by early diagnosing and treatment of mastitis as a result of regular controls in the flock.

The Effect of Different Energy and Protein Sources on Nutrient Digestibility and Nitrogen Retention in Sheep

Tayları Aksu, Suphi Deniz — 2004-01-01

The objective of this Study was to evaluate the effects of different energy (barley and dry sugar beet pulp (DSBP)) and protein sources (soybean meal (SBM), SBM-treated with formaldehyde (FTSBM), cotton-seed meal (CSM)) on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in sheep. In this study, 4 rumen fistulated Morkaraman rains were used. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude cellulose, ether extract, and N- free extract were similar (P>0.05) among animals fed different diets. Digestibitrties. as percentage were 79.49, 79.03,81,20, and 77,91 for DM; 80.38, 80.24, 83.37, and 80.49 for OM; 72.40, 70.52, 76.80, and 74.56 for CP; 67.00, 70.17, 73.87, and 65.03 for crude cellulose; 89.12,65.85,92.22, and 84.71 lor crude oil; 84.26. 86.03,87,29, and 85 59 for N-free extract for animals led bar-ley+FTSBM. DSBP+FTSBM, DS8P+SBM+CSM mixtures and commercial diet, respectively .The re was no significant differences on N-balance among animals fed different diets. N-retentions were 10.14, 7.22, 7,14, and 8.51 g for animals fed barley*FTSBM, DSBP+FTSBM, DSBP+SBM+CSM mixtures and commercial diet, respectively. Percentages of N retained in body and N digested were 60.36, 42,90, 42,84, and 51.05; 82,31, 80.93, 5658, and 68.46 for bartey+FTSBM, DSBP+FTSBM, DSBP+SBM+CSM mixtures, and commercial diet, respectively. It was suggested from these experiments Ihal; a) energy and protein sources didn't effect nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention; b) formaldehyde treatment of protein source should be further studied; c) this results should be supported with fattening experiment to interpret the results safely.

Clinical and Endocrinological Findings in Purebred Arabian Mares with Ovarian Tumours

Hayrettin Çetin, M. Osman Atlı, Ömer Korkmaz, Abuzer K. Zonturlu — 2004-01-01

In this study, it was aimed to expose clinical and endocrinological values of ovarian tumorus in mares. Following examination of genital organs and pregnancy detection, in 711 mares, four mares with ovarian tumour were used as material. Prevalance was determined as 0.56 per cent. Of the mares, one was 9 years, one 10, and the others were 12 years old. Tumour detection was performed clinically by anemnesis, rectal palpation and ultrasonographic examination. Furthermore, endocrinologically measurement of total testosterone by EIA was performed. In clinical examination anostrus in one mare, nymphomania in one mare, and stallion like behaviour in 2 mares were observed. Abnormal large ovarium and absence of fossa ovulationis were determined in rectal palpation. Abnormal large ovarium and absence of fossa ovulations were determined in rectal palpation. In the ultrasonographic imaging, in 3 cases appereance of honeycomb in the affected ovarium, in 1 case solid ovarium were described. The other ovarium was also small and inactive in 4 cases. Level of testesterone were >100 pg/ml in 2 mares and <100 pg/ml in other 2 mares. Progesterone levels were <1 ng/ml in 4 mares. Oestrogen values were 68.79 pg/ml in a mare with nymphomania. In view of the results from this study, determined tumours may be Granulosa Cell Tumour.

Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ice - Cream Marketed in Elazığ

Bahri Patır, Gülsüm Öksüztepe, İrian İlhak, Pelin Bozkurt — 2004-01-01

In this study microbiological and chemical quality of ice-cream marketed in Elazığ were determined. For this purpose, 50 samples of ice-cream were analyzed. Mean Log10 numbers of total mesophile aerobes bacleria in samples was 4.51 cfu/g, total coliform was 2.85 cfu/g, Staphylococcus - Micrococcus was 2.36 cfu/g. Mean numbers of psycrop-hiles and yeast and mold were 4.18 cfu/g and 2.43 cfu/g respectively. Escherichia coli biotype I and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in 19 (38 %) and 22 (44 %) out of 50 samples. Mean values of selected chemical parameters were found as pH 6,68, titratable acidity (as l.a) 0.09 %, aw 0.81 %, fat 9.22 %, dry substances 34.73 %, fat in dry substances 26.65 %, invert sugar 16.51 %, saccarose 8.97 %, total sugars 27.40 %. A weak negative correlation (r: - 0,33) was found between yeast and mold numbers and pH values of the samples, whereas a mild positive correlation (r: 0,48) was found between dry substance and mold and yeast numbers of the samples. In conclusion, results showed that microbiological quality of the ice-cream samples was poor indicating insufficient hygiene practices and these product may exhibit a potential risk for public health. Chemical parameters, however, was in compliance with current standards.

Effects of Vitamin E and Prednisolone on Endotoxin-induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Rabbits

Ramazan Çöl, Zafer Durgun — 2004-01-01

This study was conducted to determine the protective effects of prednisolone and vitamin E on the development of endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in rabbits. Experimental DIC was induced in all groups by intravenous infusion of 100 pg/kgtı lıpopoiysaccharide (E coir 0111 ;B4, LPS) for 6 h in 60 ml saline (10 ml/h). Vitamin E was injected (10 mgkgjp) for 4 successive days, and LPS was infused 10 min after the final vitamin E injection. Prednisolone was injected (10 mg/kg,SC) 30 min before the administration of LPS. Hemostatical and hematological markers at 0, 2,4, and 6 hr were determined. In this study, in the rabbits only receiving endotoxin we observed an important prolongation in APTT, PT and TT, and a decrease in platelet count and librtnogen level, and an increase in D-dimer concentration, and leukophenia, and also significant changes in the percentage of differential leukocytes at sampling times. However, the administrations of prednisolone and vitamin E significantly caused the suppression on the determined parameters. We have suggested that the treatments of prednisolone and vitamin E may bo useful in LPS-induced DIC, and we h3ve concluded thai prednisolone has more effective than vitamin E.

Isolation and Identification Thermophilic Campylobacter Species in the Bacteriological Meat Inspection Samples of Cattle

Mehmet Elmalı — 2004-01-01

In this study, by thermophilic Campylobacters were isolated and identified from bacteriological meat samples belong to a total of 100 cattle samples taken from a slaughterhouse in Ankara between the date of September 2000 to February 2001, it was aimed to determine the incidence and the distribution of biotypes of Campylobacters and the potential risk of contamination in human health. It was used the method adviced from Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the isolation and identification of thermophilic Campylobacters. According to the analysis result of 8 bacteriological meat samples taken from each of 100 cattle, thermophilic Campylobacter species were isolated from 65 cattle (65 %). C. jejuni was found to be the predominant species in 60 out of 65 cattle (92.30 %) whereas C. coli in 4 (6.15 %), C. lari in 1 (1.53 %) cattle. It was formed that C. jejuni biotype 1 at 51.19 %, C. jejuni biotype 2 at 35.71 %, C. jejuni biotype 3 at 7.14 %, C. coli biotype 1 and 2 at 2.38 % and C. lari biotype 1 at 1.19 % from isolated. As a conclusion; Campylobacter was isolated and identified at higher level bacteriological meat inspection samples of slaughtering cattle. Therefore, slaughtering hygiene, continumity of cold-chain, prevent the cross-contamination and personel training in establishments were previously considered that prevent the public health problems, caused Campylobacter.

Investigition of the Median Lethal Dose (LD50) Level and the Hypoglycemic Effect of Eugenia Caryophyllata Myrtaceae Essential Oil Extract in Healthy and Diabetic Mice

Ebubekir Ceylan, Hanefi Özbek, Abdurrahman Öztürk — 2004-01-01

This study was conducted to investigate the median lethal dose level and the hypoglycemic effect of Eugenia caryophyllata Myrtaceae essential oil extract in healthy and diabetic mice. Extract of Eugenia caryophyllata Myrtaceae, glibenclamide (as a reference group) and physiologic saline (control group) were administrated to the healthy and diabet oc-cured mice with alloxan. Blood was taken before treatment the first, second, third, fourth and 24^th hours, from the vena coccygea of mice. Blood glucose levels were measured. When compared with physiologic saline group it was observed that Eugenia caryophyllata Myrtaceae extract decreased blood glucose values significantly in a diabet occured mice with alloxan in the second and 24^th hours, this effect was not observed in the first and fourth hour. Glibenclamide decreased blood glucose values significantly in the first, second, fourth and 24^th hours. There was not a significant difference of blood glucose values measurements between Eugenia caryophyllata Myrtaceae and glibenclamide. In the healthy controls, blood glucose level decreased less then other groups only at the 4^th hour. It was observed that the essential oil extract of Eugenia caryophyllata Myrtaceae has significantly hypoglycemic effect in the second and 24^th hours when compared with physiologic saline group with was used as a control. It was not showed that hypoglycemic effect the extract of Eugenia caryophyllata Myrtaceae in the first and fourth hours. The lethal dose 50 of the extract of Eugenia caryophyllata Myrtaceae was determinated 0.613 ml/kg body weight.

Evaluation of Chemical Characteristics and Proteolysis and Lipolysis Levels in Hatay Sıkma cheese

Zekai Tarakçı, Hisamettin Durmaz, Emrullah Sağun, Osman Aygün — 2004-01-01

In this study, randomly selected twenty-two samples of Sıkma cheese, which was produced and consumed in Hatay region, were investigated for both chemical and sensory characteristics as well as proteolysis and lipolysis levels. The mean values of dry matter, fat, salt, protein, ripening degree, titratable acidity (L.A.%), pH, water soluble nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen and lipolysis ratio (ADV) in cheese samples were found as 47.36%, 20.00%, 5.53%, 21.29%, 10.62%, 0.59, 5.59, 0.34%, 5.94%, and 3.21%, respectively. Based on the sensorial results, the Sıkma cheese samples were evaluated to be 7.27 point in terms of color and appearance, 7.43 of body and texture, 7.12 of taste and flavor on 10 point scale, and total score was 26.20 point out of 30 point.

Effects of Pasteurization and Various Scalding Temperatures on the Quality of Urfa Cheese

Mustafa Ardıç, Mustafa Nizamiloğlu — 2004-01-01

The study was made to determine effects ol pasteurization to milk and various scalding temperatures applied to curd on the quality characteristics of Urfa cheese. For this purpose two different curds were produced using raw and pasteurized cow's milk. And then each group was treated with different scalding process; not scalding, scalding at 65 °C for 5 minutes and scalding at 75 °C for 5 minutes. Thus six different group cheeses were produced. Scalding process applied to curd reduced fat content in dry matter of cheeses produced from raw milk considerably on the first day. It was determined that every temperatures in scalding process applied to curd which was produced from pasteurized milk caused decreasing moisture content on the 1^th , 15^th , 60^th and 90^th days and increasing protein ratio on the 15^th and 90^th days. Scalding at 75 °C caused decreasing salt content in dry matter on ihe first day. Scalding process reduced Staph, aures count on the 30^th and 60^th days, mould and yeast count on the 90^th day of curds produced from raw milk and yeast-mould on the 1^st day, co-liform bacteria on the 15^th , 30^th and 60^th days of curds produced from pasteurized milk. It was determined that heating process at 75 ºC to curd produced from raw milk had important effect on apperance on the 30^th day. It was concluded that use of pasteurized milk and scalding treatment of curd at 75 ºC should be used in order to protect public health and slan-dardize production of Urfa cheese.

Enzymatic Roles of Arthritis in Dogs and a New Aspect for Treatment Procedure I: Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Etiology, Patogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment

Mustafa Arıcan, Kerim Nida Çalım — 2004-01-01

Arthritis is an important disease for dog health concerning about multifactorial etio-patogenesis and different types. Degenerative osteoarthritis (OA) and inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are common in the dog, therefore, that are more crucial. It is determined that osteoarthritis is 13 % of all arthritis. And osteoarthritis is also accounting for approximately 37 % of all lameness. Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are characterised by joint cartilage loss. In this review, it is mentioned that diagnosis, etiologisis, patogenesis, clinical examinations and treatment of both osteaarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, this review is mainly targetting effect of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) during the disease process and it is also stated inhibition of MMPs by locally and systematic proceed for arthritis treatment.

Enzymatic Roles of Arthritis in Dogs and a New Aspect for Treatment Procedure II: Matrix Metalloproteinase, Mechanism, Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases

Mustafa Arıcan, Kerim Nida Çalım — 2004-01-01

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of homologous zinc endopeptidases. Increased degradation of extracellular matrix macromolecules is a central event in the disease process of illness such as arthritis Matrix metalloproteinases are important enzymes found in connective tissues and thought to be involved in cartilage degradation. The current view is that the initial step in the breakdown of the matrix in physiology and pathological situations is an extracellular process, often involving malrix metalloproteinases. They are detectable in synovial fluids and may play a destructive role in septic arthritis. In this review, it is introduced that the members of the MMP family and describe their structural features, substrate specificities, general features of the activation mechanism, and the involvement of tissue inhitors of metalloproteinases in the activation process.

The Study into the Effect of Blood Urea Nitrogen Level on Pregnancy Rate in Cattle

İbrahim Aydın, Mehmet Güler — 2004-01-01

The objective of this Study is to examine the effect of the blood urea nitrogen level in cattle on the pregnancy rate. For this, 63 Brown Swiss cows were used as the study material. These cows were grouped into three, each containing 21. and these groups were fed individually over a cycle period with tsoenergic rations containing different crude protein rates. The crude protein rate of the total ration (on dry basis) ted to the study groups was determined to be %14.8, %16.7 and %18.6 for the group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The cycles of the animals studied were synchronized and the ones having oestrus were inseminated artificially. Uterine pH of the inseminated animals on the oestrus day and the plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations from the oestrus day to the eleventh day of the cycle period were determined. Pregnancy diagnosis of the animals studied was ultrasonographically performed on the 30-35 th days after insemination. No difference between groups in terms of having oestrus was observed (p>0.05). It was delected that there was significant difference between the PUN concentrations (10.7040.99,17.38±1.20 and 24.26+2.36 mg/dl for the group 1.2 and 3 respectively) of the cows having been fed with the rations containing different crude protein rates (p<0.001). It was seen that the PUN concentrations increased as the amount of the crude protein consumed by the animals increased. It was also detected that there was important difference between the utenne pH values (6.85±0.03. 6.74±0.07 and 6.65+0.08 for the group 1,2 and 3 respectively) on the oestrus day of the cows ted with the rations consisting of different crude prolein rates (p<0.001). The fact that high PUN concentrations decreased the uterine pH on the oestrus day was observed. The pregnancy rates obtained were %80 for the first group. %63.16 for the second group and %30 for the third group. In conclusion, these data suggested that when the crude protein consumption increased the PUN concentrations in cattle went up, also uterine pH decreased on the oestrus day; there was a negative co-relation between the PUN concentrations and the pregnancy rate; and the PUN concentrations over 20 mg/dl in Brown Swiss cows was associated with the decreased pregnancy rate.

Macroanatomic Investigations of the Venous Drainage of Larynx in Water Buffaloes

Sadullah Bahar, Sadettin Tıpırdamaz — 2004-01-01

This study was carried out to reveal the ongin. course and terminations of the faryngeal veins in water buffaloes. For this purpose, a total of eight buffalo heads of both sexes, obtained from slaughterhouse, were used. We found that the venous drainage of larynx was accomplished by two group veins which left the caudal and rostral surface of the larynx. The rostral group was formed by the cranial laryngeal vein and the other veins contributing to the pharyngeal veins and hyoidal arch The caudal group was constituted by the cricothroideal vein and caudal laryngeal ramus.

Transmissible Venereal Tumor With Mammary Gland Metastase in a Bitch

Deniz Nak, Deniz Mısırlıoğlu, Yavuz Nak, Kamil Seyrek-İntaş, Hasan Basri Tek — 2004-01-01

A case of Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) with mammary gland metastase of a nine years old Collie bitch is described in this paper. The dog was presented with vaginal discharge containing blood and with a mass in the mammary gland. Tumoral masses were detected at clinical examination in vestibulum vagina and in the right back inguinal mammary gland. After masroscopical and microscopical examination, the diagnosis of TVT was performed. Knowledge about the history, clinical, laboratory and pathological findings, and the treatment ol the case were given.

Effects of in Ovo Administrated Aflatoxin B1 on the Embryonic Development of Chicken Spleen: Histological Results

Emrah Sur, İlhami Çelik — 2004-01-01

In this study, the effects of aflatoxin Bı (AFBı), in ovo administrated,on the embryonic development of chicken spleen was evaluated. For this purpose, 651 laying hen's eggs were divided into 7 groups. These groups were designed as control-1, control-2, 30% ethyl alcohol (ETOH), 5 ng/egg AFBı, 10 ng/egg AFBı, 20 ng/egg AFBı and 40 ng/egg AFBı. Test solutions were injected via the air sac at pre-incubation period. Six eggs from each groups were opened at 12nd, 13rd, 15tfl and 18th days of incubation. At these periods and at the day of hatching, splenic tissue samples from were collected and processed for routine histological techniques. Light microscopic investigations of the tissue preparations have revealed that embryonic development of the chicken spleen was substantially impaired and, white pulp regressed when compared those of the controls. At the day of hatching, development of spleen taken from 5 and 10 ng/egg AFB₁ groups was incomplete. It was concluded that small amounts of AFB₁ found in fertilised avian egg has detrimental effects on the embryonic development of chicken spleen.