Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences - 2011; 27(1)

A review from experimental trials on detoxification of aflatoxin in poultry feed

Halis Oguz — 2011-03-01

In this meta-analytic review, in vivo experimental trials on inactivation of aflatoxins by using adsorbents and biological products as a feed additive in poultry feed were briefly summarized after given the general information about this subject. For this purpose, 135 study performed in 33 different countries were examined and classified according to countries and their results were presented. The aim of this review is to present the results of the experiments to the producers and scientists and to provide a total evaluation possibility to them on the basis of the countries. The best way for the producers and scientists to assess the performance of preventive efficacy of used feed additive is to evaluate the results "as total" in terms of performance, bi-ochemical-hematological, immunological and gross and his-topathologic parameters by comparing the aflatoxin groups with aflatoxin plus feed additive groups. The producers and scientists can reach to the total experiment for assessing preventive efficacy and practical usability of feed additives by following the titles of articles, associate authors and/or materials and methods of articles.

Importance of fasting serum glucose, haemoglobin A1c and fructosamine in the diagnosis of diabetes

Bahadır Ersan, Mahmut Ok — 2011-03-01

Aim: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in hematological and certain biochemical parameters in the diagnosis of rabbits with experimental diabetes mellitus induced with two different doses of alloxan monohydrate (100 and 175 mg/kg). The secondary aim of this study was to determine the importance of glucose, haemoglobin A1c and fructosamine in the diagnosis of the disease. Materials and Methods: Rabbits were randomly allocated to two groups. The first group included 12 rabbits and the second group included 13 rabbits. Hundred and 175 mg/ kg dose of the alloxan solutions were given intravenously to the first group and second group, respectively. White blood cell, red blood cell, haemoglobin, platelet counts, paced cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume values were determined. Fasting serum glucose, fructosamine, insulin, haemoglobin HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, aspartate amino transferase and alanin amino transferase levels were measured. Results: Statistically significantly increases of serum fasting glucose, fructosamine, haemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and decreases of serum insulin levels and red blood cell, paced cell volume and haemoglobin values were determined (p<0.05) in both groups. Conclusion: Fasting serum glucose, fructosamine and haemoglobin A1c could be more important indicators for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

Pharmacovigilance in veterinary profession

Fatih Doğan — 2011-03-01

Aim: The practising clinical veterinarians in Turkey were questioned about their opinions and experiences on adverse drug reactions. Materials and Methods: The research was applied on 250 clinic veterinarian who graduated from 13 different universities working in 22 different cities. It was expected that veterinarians shared their experiences in research, after pharmacovigilance was mentioned. Results: 81% of veterinarians had experienced at least one adverse drug reaction. When the drug groups were evaluated, most adverse drug reactions were determined (p<0.05) in vitamin-mineral-amino acid preparates (39%), and this group was followed by antibacterials (26%) and antiparasitics (26%). The most observed adverse drug reactions were anaphylaxis and the local reactions on the injected region. Conclusion: It is confirmed that, a center where the adverse drug reaction reports could be evaluated and a spontaneous reporting system is needed. It is decided that it would be beneficial to report adverse drug reaction cases to the authorized veterinarians under circumstances of these cases.

Phenotyping determination of CYP1A2 enzyme activity using caffeine in sheep

Kamil Uney, Bünyamin Tras — 2011-03-01

Aim: The aims of this study were to determine the validity of the plasma metabolic ratios (MR) to investigate the CYP1A2 activity in practice and to compare in vivo CYP1A2 enzyme activity using caffeine (CF) as a probe in Morkaraman (MK), Akkaraman (AK) and Anatolia Merino (AM) sheep breeds. Materials and Methods: Caffeine was administered as a single dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. by the intravenous in MK, AK and AM sheep breeds. The plasma levels of CF and paraxanthine (PX) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. CYP1A2 phenotyping was measured using the ratio [(PX/CF)AUC] between areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCs) of PX and CF and the ratios [(PX/CF)MR→3-16 h] between plasma concentrations of PX and CF at 3 to 16 h after CF administration. Correlations between the plasma (PX/CF)MR→3-16 h and (PX/CF)AUC ratios were determined to investigate of the CYP1A2 phenotyping by single blood sampling in practice. Results: It was determined that the more reliable sampling time within the plasma (PX/CF)MR→3-16 h ratios in the determination of the CYP1A2 phenotyping was 10 h after CF administration. (PX/CF)MR→10 h and (PX/CF)AUC ratios were similar (p>0.05) among sheep breeds. Conclusion: The plasma (PX/CF)MR→10 h ratio might be used as a rapid and simple screening test for CYP1A2 phenotyping in sheep. CYP1A2 enzyme may not be clinically important in the observed differences to the effects of drugs and environmental chemicals with its substrates among MK, AK and AM sheep breeds.

A light microscopic investigation on acid phosphatase (ACP-ase)-positive lymphocyte localization in the hemal nodes of Turkish merino ram

Emrah Sur, Tuğba Özaydın, Yasemin Öznurlu — 2011-03-01

Aim: This study was carried out to determine the localization of the asid phosphatase (ACP-ase)-positive lymphocytes in hemal nodes of Turkish Merino ram. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, tissue samples from hemal nodes of six 2-year-old-aged Turkish Merino rams were used. In frozen sections, ACP-ase was demonstrated. Results: The results showed that ACP-ase-positive lymphocytes localized especially in the germinal centers of the secondary lymphatic nodules. A few ACP-ase-positive lymphocytes were observed in primary follicles, interfollicular area and lymphatic cords. Conclusion: It was concluded that the further experimental studies should be performed on hemal nodes of ruminants.

Histological examination of the skin and AgNOR parameters of matrix pili cells in the chinchilla

Yasemin Oznurlu, Ilhami Celik, Emrah Sur, Tugba Ozaydin — 2011-03-01

Aim: In this study, histology of the skin and number and area of the argyrophilic nucleolar organiser regions (AgNORs) of the germinal matrix epithelial cells of the chinchilla were investigated by light microscopic techniques. Materials and Methods: Skin samples were taken from 15 adult healthy chinchilla, fixed in formol saline and immersed in parafine. Tissue sections were stained with Crossman's trichrome, Gordon and Sweet's reticuler fiber, Verhoef's elastic fibre and AgNOR staining methods. The total thickness of epidermis and dermis, hair follicle numbers per square milimetres, and number and area of AgNORs of the germinal matrix epithelial cells were measured. Results: AgNORs were seen as 1-4 black dots which distributed in the nuclei of the germinal matrix cells of the hair follicles. The chinchilla compound hair follicle consisted of one or two primary follicles surrounded by multiple smaller secondary follicles. The ratio of secondary to primary hair follicles (S/P) was 13/1. Conclusion: In further studies on a larger population seasonal differences, determination of number and distribution of hair follicules and AgNOR parameters in the germinal matrix cell should be used as significant criteria for fur quality in selection.

Pathology of single dose cadmium toxicity and investigations of protective effect of simultaneous chlorpromazine administrations in rats

Tuna Erdem, Fatih Hatipoğlu — 2011-03-01

Aim: This study was carried out to determine pathology of cadmium toxicity and protective effects of chlorpromazine in rats, simultaneously. Materials and Methods: Totally 64 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four equal groups. Isotonic saline (C), cadmium chloride (CD), chlorpromazine (CPZ), cadmium plus chlorpromazine (CDCPZ) were injected as a single dose, respectively. Body weight changes, relative organs weights, hematologic and biochemical values were determined. Macroscopical, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings were also examined. Results: In the CD and CDCPZ groups, not only the body weights decreased but also significant lesions were seen in the testes and epididymis. Relative testes and epididymis weights decreased and atrophy was seen in these organs. In addition, disseminate and intensity necrosis with vessel lesions in the testes was observed. Corresponding to these changes significant decreases in serum testosterone levels were also observed and the spermatic granulomas were seen in the epididymis. Although liver and kidneys were slightly affected, it was observed that damage in these organs would not cause a significant change in the serum biochemical values. Conclusion: Chlorpromazine injected simultaneously with cadmium had neither protective nor curative effects against cadmium toxicity. It was thought that studies concerning prevention or treatment of cadmium toxication should be planned for longer time periods to obtain better outcomes.

Pathological investigations on the diseases of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W., 1792) in Aydın and Muğla regions

S. Serap Birincioğlu, Nursal Metin, Hamdi Avcı, Ahmet Aydoğan, Fatma Sayın — 2011-03-01

Aim: The aims were to determine pathological findings in diseased fish in rainbow trout farms and to emphasize the importance of there findings in the diagnosis of fish diseases. Material and Method: A total of 150 diseased fish obtained from the fish farms in Aydin and Muğla regions were examined. Following the macroscopic examinations, tissue samples were processed routinely and parafin embedded. The tissiues were sectioned at 5 μm, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and then examined by light microscopy. Results: Macroscopically, erosive and ulcerative lesions on the surface of the skin, exophthalmos and hemorrhages in the eyes, hyperemia and hemorrhage in the gills and hemorrhage and discoloration on the liver were observed. Microscopically, edema, hyperemia, telangiectasia, hemorrhage, hyperplasia parasites (Trichodina sp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) were determined in the gills. In the heart, epicarditis in 38 fish and myocarditis in 13 fish was seen. Lesions of the liver were degeneration, fatty changes and lymphoid cells infiltrations. The kidney showed hemorrhage, hyaline droplets in the epithelium of the proximal tubuli and increases in melanomacrophage centers. Focal necrosis in the spleen was seen in only 4 fishes. Conclusion: The results revealed that multidisciplinary studies including histopathologic examinations were very important for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment in the diagnosis of fish diseases.

Cytopathologic studies in sheep pneumonias

Ertan Oruç — 2011-03-01

Aim: Aim was to investigate the exfoliation characters of sheep pneumonias by the comparison of histopathologic and cytopathologic results. Materials and Methods: Fine needle aspiration smears obtained from 5 healthy and 65 pneumonic sheep lungs showing catarrhal, purulent, fibrinous, interstitial and verminous lesions were stained with Papanicolau EA 65 and May-Grunwald Giemsa and compared to histopathologic sections. Results: When compared cytolopathologic and histopathologic findings, it was observed that macrophages and neutrophile leucocytes increased in catarrhal, purulent, verninous and fibrinous pneumonias; eosinophile leucocytes increased in verminous pneumonias together with neutrophils and lymphocytes increased in interstitial pneumonia. Conclusions: Cytopathologic examinations of lung smears prepared from pneumonic lungs were found remarkable for the prediagnosis of sheep pneumonias, especially, in verminous and interstitial, and the increased macrophages and neutrophile leucocytes counts were found considerable but not determinative for the differantiaton of pneumonia type in sheep.

Oleander poisoning in cattle

Ozgur Ozdemir, M. Kemal Ciftci, Mehmet Maden — 2011-03-01

In this case report, pathological findings in cattle poisoning that was thought to be caused by the leaves of Nerium oleander in a farm was described. Clinically, sudden death, anemia and diarrhea were seen. Post-mortem examination of the animals revealed changing degrees of hyperemia, edema, and petechial bleedings were observed. In histopathological examination, edema, hyperemia and occasional hemorrhage with degeneration and necrosis in myocytes and neurons in heart and brain were detected. Based on the pathological findings, observations of oleander leaves in the feeders and deaths after the oleander trees were cut down have verified the diagnosis of oleander poisoning in these cattle.