Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences - 2013; 29(3)

General overview to treatment of strong ion (metabolic) acidosis in neonatal calves with diarrhea

Ismail Sen, Peter D. Constable — 2013-09-01

Diarrhea in neonatal calves is due to one or more causes. Strong ion (metabolic) acidosis is common in diarrheic calves. Clinical signs associated with metabolic acidosis are vague and nonspecific. However, the calf's age can be used to predict the severity of metabolic acidosis, because one weak old diarrheic calves are less acidemic than older calves despite they have similar clinical signs. Moreover, the suckling reflex is closely associated with base excess parameters. One of the most important factors for decreasing mortality rates associated with diarrhea in calves is parenteral and oral administration of appropriately formulated electrolyte solutions. Inclusion of an alkalinizing agent is required to correct systemic metabolic acidosis. Bicarbonatecontaining fluids are more effective at rapidly correcting severe acidemia, since bicarbonate reacts directly with H+ ions. Lactated Ringers solution or Acetated Ringers solutions can be used to correct mild to moderate acidosis.

Retrospective study of calf mortality on Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm (CCBDF) in Bangladesh

Md. Mukter Hossain, Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal, AKM Anisur Rahman — 2013-09-01

Aim: The objective of this study was to find out the underlying causes and factors which are associated with calf mortality. Materials and Methods: The 16 (1992-2007) year's data of calf mortality in the Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm (CCBDF) were analyzed for season, age, sex, breed and etiology. Results: Female calves (56.77%) died more than males (43.23%). The mortality was significantly higher in exotic and crossbred animals than in local/indigenous calves. Mortality rate were 28.99%, 33.03% and 37.98% in rainy, summer and winter season, respectively. The major causes of death were respiratory tract disease (38.75%), tuberculosis (20.02%) and alimentary tract infections (16.73%). The other causes of death in calves occurred in the following frequencies: Malnutrition (5.28%), debility (4.72%), hairball (3.12%), babesiosis (2.56%), internal haemorrhage (2.56%), tympanitis (2.24%), black quarter (2.24%) and foot and mouth disease (1.76%). Age is the most important factor and significantly associated with mortality. Conclusion: Calves of first month of life may have higher mortality risk.

The prevalence of helminth infections in water buffaloes in the vicinity of Afyonkarahisar province

Hakan Guzel, Esma Kozan — 2013-09-01

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of helminth infections in water buffaloes raised in the vicinity of Afyonkarahisar province. Material and Methods: Faecal samples, collected from a total of 517 buffaloes, were examined helminthologically. Furthermore, organ examination was performed in 20 water buffaloes for the presence of helminths. Results: The prevalence of helminth infection in the water buffaloes sampled for faeces throughout the study was determined as 7.93%. Faecal examination revealed the presence of 2 trematodes and 1 nematode in the infected cases, but mixed helminth infections were not encountered. In water buffaloes, the prevalence of trematode and nematode infections was ascertained as 6.67% and 1.16%, respectively, whilst no cestode infection was detected. On the other hand, the prevalence of helminth infection in the water buffaloes subjected to organ examination was ascertained as 20%. The parasitic agents involved in the infected cases included 2 trematodes and the larval stage of 1 cestode. Conclusions: In general, it was observed that the rate of infection was low, yet animals were infected with various helminth species. The infection rates of the animals being low was attributed to the increased level of awareness of the farmers on animal welfare and farm management, as well as to the high level of use of anthelmintics in the region against common parasites of cattle and water buffaloes.

The role of dietary bee pollen in antioxidant potential in rats

2013-09-01

Aim: The present study was designed to determinate the effect of bee pollen as a feed additive on the selected parameters of antioxidant status of rats. Material and Methods: Adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: One control group (C) and two experimental groups (E1, E2). Experimental groups received dietary inclusion of collected bee pollen at 300 mg/kg in E1 group and 500 mg/kg in E2 group for 90 days. The group received feed without bee pollen addition served as the control group. Contents of albumin, bilirubin, iron, and total antioxidant status and superoxide dismutase activity were determined with spectrophotometer. Results: Supplementation of the diet with bee pollen in the dose of 500 mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) increased albumin content and total antioxidant status. Conclusion: Bee pollen addition to diets may be a source for antioxidant in human and animals.

Microbiological and chemical qualities of cream-filled pastries sold in Kerman city confectioneries, southeast of Iran

Masoud Sami, Atefeh Nasri, Mahboobeh Bagheri, Hamid Sharifi — 2013-09-01

Aim: This study was conducted to analyze the microbial and chemical properties of cream-filled pastries marketed in Kerman confectioneries. Materials and Methods: Totally 250 samples were collected from 50 confectioneries located in Kerman and tested to determine chemical (fat content and acidity) and microbial (total bacterial and coliform counts, coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus) qualities. Results: There were no significant differences among the samples taken from different confectioneries in different parts of the city, except for total count (P<0.05). This investigation demonstrated that the number of samples were not in the standard ranges defined by the Iranian National Standard including total counts (n: 38, 76%), coliform (n: 30, 60%), E. coli (n: 7, 14%), S. aureus (n: 10, 20%), fat (n: 38, 76%) and titratable acidity (n: 24, 48%). Conclusions: Cream-filled pastries may cause healthy problem in public health.

Evaluation of the quality characteristics of fermented sausages and sausage-like products sold in Kars

2013-09-01

Aim: This study was conducted for the purpose of identifying the microbiological, physico-chemical and histological aspects of quality criteria in sausage-like products obtained from local markets and different samples of fermented sausages produced using traditional methods by local butcher shops in the province of Kars. Materials and Methods: Sampling was made during just one day and all the fermented sausages (n:30) and cooked sausage-like products (n:10) were purchased from all butchers and market points in Kars city centre. Microbiological analysis was performed by spread and/or pour plate techniques. Histological analysis was performed by Crossman triple stain and hematoxylin-eosin stains. Physicochemical analysis was performed by gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Results: Escherichia coli was identified in one of the cooked sausagelike products and in one sample of fermented sausage. Neither Clostridium perfringens nor E. coli O157:H7 were identified in any of the samples. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated in four (10%) of the fermented sausage samples and Salmonella spp in two fermented sausage samples (5%). Nitrate and nitrite levels in the sausage were found to be 14.88–943.71 mg/kg and 0.46-378.16 mg/kg, respectively. Thirteen (32.5%) of the sausage samples that were examined contained epithelial tissue, 27.5% (11 samples) contained glandular epithelial tissue, which was mostly seromucous in nature, and five (12.5%) contained cartilage and bone tissue with smooth muscle tissue. Conclusion: None of the sausage samples met the requirements of the standards. This shows that controlled production and post-production inspection are very important.

Investigation of antimicrobial effect of Nerium oleander distillate

Burak Dik, Zafer Sayın, Orhan Çorum, — 2013-09-01

Aim: The aim of the current study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of Nerium oleander distillate. Material and Method: Collected Nerium oleander plant was identified and authenticated. Nerium oleander was washed and chopped, later sufficient distilled water was added. The mixture was distillated by distillatory device. After the plantdistillated water mixture was started to evaporate, vapor was separated to other clean glass containers. Obtained Nerium oleander distillate was lyophilized in small glass bottle, and dry material was collected. Lyophilized dry material was dissolved at concentration of 5 mg/mL with distillated water, and its antimicrobial effect was investigated against to Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida ssp. by agar well-diffusion method. Result: Nerium oleander distillate did no show any antimicrobial effect against to tested microorganism. Conclusion: It may be stated that Nerium oleander distillate has no antimicrobial effect contrary to its chemical extracts.

Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of catalase negative Gram positive cocci isolated from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis

H. Hüseyin Hadimli, Zafer Sayın, Osman Erganiş, Kürşat Kav — 2013-09-01

Aim: This study was aimed to identify of catalase negative Gram positive cocci (CNGP) isolated from milk samples of dairy cows with subclinical mastitis and to determine susceptibility of microorganisms to antibiotics. Materials and Method: Totally, 104 CNGP cocci were isolated from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis. Isolates were selected according to coloni morphological and haemolysis properties and were identified by VITEC 2. Results: Out of isolates, 32 (30.76%) were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, 21 (20.19%) Aerococcus viridans, 18 (17.30%) E. faecium, 13 (12.50%) Streptococcus agalactiae, 11 (10.57%) S. uberis, 3 (2.88%) Lactococcus garviae/lactis ssp. lactis, 2 (1.92%) L. lactis ssp. latis and 1 (0.96%) L. garviae. Three isolates (2.88%) could not be identified. The susceptibilities of CNGP cocci were determined to be different to antimicrobial agents. Conclusion: This study shown that identification of CNGP cocci isolated from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis should be performed accordingly.

Serological and virological investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection in cattle with abortion problem

Oya Bulut, Oguzhan Avci, Orhan Yapici,, Sibel Yavru, Atilla Simsek — 2013-09-01

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the presence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infection in a cattle herd with abortion problem in Konya. Materials and Methods: Totally 228 blood serum and 228 leukocytes taken from cattle selected according to criteria for infertile and abortion problems were examined for antigens and antibodies to BVDV by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: In this research, 41 (17.9%) sera were found seropositive and 4 (1.7%) leukocytes were BVDV antigen positive. Of these 4 BVDV antigen positive cattle, a number of 2 (0.8%) were detected seropositive while 2 (0.8%) were seronegative. The animals being antigen positive and antibody negative were sampled second time after two weeks. The same results were detected for two seronegative cattle. The animals detecting persistent infection status were sent to slaughter. Conclusion: It is recommended that the animals should be checked in terms of BVDV for being negative both antigen and antibody before accepting them to the herds.

Determination of effectiveness of combined mastitis vaccines prepared for dairy cows in mice

2013-09-01

Aim: In this study, the development of combined mastitis vaccines for different bacterial mastitis agents (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium bovis and Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes), the determination of effectiveness of vaccination on humoral immunity and the ratio of morbidity and mortality against challenge trials in mice was aimed. Materials and Method: Two combined mastitis vaccines (with ginseng extract, aluminium hidroxide or mineral oil adjuvants) were prepared strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Str. agalactiae, C. bovis and T. pyogenes isolated from clinical and subclinical mastitis cases in dairy cows. Mice were vaccinated twice at interval 5 days before parturition by combined mastitis vaccine with aluminum hydroxide or mineral oil. Blood samples were taken at 10th days after second vaccination. ELISA kits for each mastitis agents were prepared and the antibodies titers were measured by ELISA in samples. Results: The levels of antibodies for each agents in sera of all vaccinated mice were significantly higher than that of controls. S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Str. agalactiae, C. bovis and T. pyogenes were administered to mice for challenge trials at 10th days after second vaccination. Mice were observed for 20 days for determination of occurrence of morbidity and mortality. No mortality and morbidity were occurred in all vaccinated mice. Conclusion: Combined mastitis vaccines prepared by different bacterial agents causing mastitis were found to be effective in mice.