Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences - 2017; 33(4)

The effects of commercial mastitis vaccine applied at different stages of lactation on the somatic cell count in individual and bulk tank milk in primiparous and multiparous cows in Turkey

Ayhan Baştan, Seçkin Salar, Doğukan Özen — 2017-11-01

Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a mastitis vaccine with non-labelled vaccination regimen on the milk somatic cell count (SCC) in primiparous and multiparous cows at different stages of lactation. Material and Methods: In the study, 97 healthy Holstein cows were included and the cows were vaccinated on day 0 (d 0), 21 days later (d 21) and 90 days thereafter (d 111). Individual and bulk tank milk samples were collected for SCC analysis on the 30th day prior to the 1^st vaccination and on the 30^th day after the 2^ⁿd and 3^rd vaccinations. Results: Bulk tank milk somatic cell counts (BTMSCC) at prevaccination, and after the 2^ⁿd and 3^rd vaccinations, were 467, 246, and 371 x1000 cell/ml, respectively. It was observed that average milk SCC was numerically decreased after the 2^ⁿd and 3^rd vaccinations, with respect to pre-vaccination level (p>0.05). Unremarkable declines in individual SCC (iSCC) were observed in the cows at early, mid or late lactation periods (p>0.05). While the decline in iSCC was numerically in the multiparous cows, it was found to be significant after the 2ⁿd vaccination in the primiparous cows (p<0.01). Yet, the iSCC values obtained after the 2ⁿd and 3rd vaccinations were similar (p>0.05). Conclusion: Results suggested that commercial mastitis vaccine with non-labelled vaccination regimen led to a decline in SCC in the milk, particularly in the primiparous cows and in bulk tank milk.

The effect of litter size and gender on immunoglobulins and oxidative stress in Damascus goats

Mehmet Aköz, İbrahim Aydın, Özcan Barış Çitil — 2017-11-01

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of litter size (singleton-twin) and gender on the immunoglobulin level and oxidative stress in Damascus goats. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were taken with in 20 minutes after delivery from the Damascus goats delivering singleton and twin and non-pregnant Damascus goats that were served as control group. The values of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitricoxide (NO) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured in blood plasma. Results: IgG and IgM levels in twin pregnant goats were higher than non-pregnant ones (P<0.05); whereas, MDA levels of twin pregnant goats were lower than non-pregnant ones (P<0.05). NO level in goats delivering twin was detected to be higher than pregnant goats delivering single and control group (P<0.05). Positive correlation was determined between IgG and IgM (r=0.946, P<0.001); whereas, no correlation was determined between other parameters (P<0.05). Although IgG, IgM, MDA, TAS and NO values were determined to be higher in goats delivering male kids than goats delivering female kids, no statistical difference was observed (P<0.05). Conclusion: As a result, twin pregnancy may cause an increase in immunoglobulin levels but the gender of kids did not have any effect on immunoglobulin level and oxidative stress.

The effect of heat treatment applied to cereals used in dog foods on gelatinization and digestibility of starch

2017-11-01

Aim: It is to determine the effects of soaking, cooking in water, extrusion applied to the cereals used in dog foods on the gelatinization and digestibility of starch. Materials and Methods: Barley, wheat, corn, rice, sorghum and oat were used. Milled grains were soaked with boiling water, cooked with water for 10 min and 20 min, and extruded. The heat treated cereals were dried and ground. Dry matter, starch, gelatinized starch and in vitro starch digestibility analyzes were performed in all samples. Results: The amount of starch in the heat treated cereals decreased. It was found that the richest cereal in terms of starch is rice and the poorest one is oat. The starch damage was determined as 4.64% in raw cereals, 30.99-31.83% in cereals cooked with water and 31.59% in extruded cereals. Heat treatments increased starch gelatinization by 581%. The highest gelatinization occurred in the oat. In vitro starch digestibility was found 14.62 in raw grains, 55.46 after cooking for 10 min and 72.47 mg maltose/mg starch after extrusion (P <0.05). Heat treatments increased starch digestibility by 308%. The highest starch digestibility occurs in the oat and the lowest in rice. There was not any gelatinized starch ratio difference between the cooking and extrusion, but starch digestibility was found higher after the extrusion (P<0.05). Soaking with boiled water was not effective in increasing starch gelatinization and digestibility. Conclusion: In similar studies with cereals, it may be advisable to determine amylopectin, amylose, resistant starch contents, and feeding experiments.

Analysis of nutritional contents, microbiological contamination and presence of aflatoxins in unpacked feeds sold for pet-birds in Istanbul

Serol Korkmaz, Irem Omurtag Korkmaz, Didem Hilkat Aksakal, Tanay Bilal — 2017-11-01

Aim: In this study, it was aim to determine the nutritional efficiency, microbiological quality and aflatoxin contents of unpacked pet-bird feeds sold in Istanbul. Materials and Methods: A total of 102 unpacked feed samples sold for canary (n=35), budgerigar (n=37) and parrot (n=30) were collected from different districts in Istanbul. All the samples, consist of seed mixtures, were analysed regard to their nutritional content, microbiological quality and presence of aflatoxins. Results: Crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF) and metabolizable energy (ME) levels of the budgerigar feeds were met the nutritional requirements. However, nutritional contents (CP, CF, ME) of the canary and parrot feeds were higher than their requirements. In the microbiological analysis, Coliform group of bacteria were isolated from ~40% of budgerigar and canary feeds (3.19 ± 0.16 and 3.25 ± 0.11 log cfu/g, respectively), while isolated from all of the parrot feeds (100%; mean 3.43±0.58 log cfu/g). None of the 102 feeds were contaminated with Salmonella. Mould content of the feeds (100%) was ranging from 3 to 5.5 log cfu/g. Aflatoxin content (B1, B2, G1, G2) was not detected in feed samples. Conclusion: Regarding to the microbiological results of seed mixtures no threat is found for pet birds. However, it is assumed that nutritional imbalance formulation of canary and parrot feeds may affect adversely the pet birds health.

The effects on abomasal emptying rate of erythromycin and bethanechol in healthy, premature and diarrheic calves

Şebnem Canikli Engin, Mutlu Sevinç, Hasan Güzelbekteş — 2017-11-01

Aim: In this study, it is aimed that to be defined the effect of erythromycin and bethanechol which are from prokinetic agent on the value of discharge for the calves that are healthy, diarrheic and premature. Materials and Methods: In the study, 5 healthy calves, 12 diarrheic calves and 12 premature calves were used. Each of these three groups are divided into three sub groups and it is applied 10 mg/kg IM dose of erythromycin, 0,07 mg/kg IM dose of bethanechol for two sub groups. For the last sub groups, those drugs have not been applied. 50 mg/kg acetaminophen and 25 gram/L glucose have been added in to the substitution of milk to evaluate the speed of gastrointestinal motility with the test results of absorptions of acetaminophen and glucose. The blood examples have been taken before substitution of milk application and for 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300th minutes after substitution of milk application. Results: The respiratory rates and number of heartbeats were also recorded during the test time. There are no changes was observed in number of heart beats, respiratory rates and general conditions for all groups after drugs applied. It is observed that, the feces of some calves were became slightly watery viscosity and premature calves generally defecated after 180 minutes. When Cmax, Tmax and AUC values of acetaminophen and glucose are compared with control groups after applying erythromycin on the calves which are in premature group, it is defined the higher Cmax (P<0,05), shorter the Tmax and greater AUC (P>0,05) values. Conclusion: According to clinical and laboratory findings, it may be stated that the application of 10 mg/kg dose of erythromycin IM has provided faster abomasal emptying in premature calves.

Evaluation of some laboratory data in traumatic dogs

Semih Altan, Fahrettin Alkan, Yılmaz Koç — 2017-11-01

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine prognosis and prevent potential complications in blood samples taken from stray dogs brought into the surgery clinic with complaints of trauma based on hematology, blood gas, serum biochemistry and oxidative stress levels. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 15 traumatized stray dogs and 9 healthy dogs. The obtained blood samples were analyzed for hematology, blood gas, serum biochemistry [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), Phosphorus (P), cholesterol (Chol), creatinine (Crea), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein (TP), triglyceride (Trig), blood urea nitrogen (BUN)] and thiobarbutyric acid reactive substance (TBARs) values. Results: ALP, AST, CK, P, Crea and TBARs levels were different in traumatized dogs compared to healthy dogs (p˂0.05). Lactate and monocyte values were higher, while potassium and ionized calcium values were lower compared to reference values of dogs in blood gas and hematologic values. Conclusion: As a result, the biochemical profile varies depending on the extent of trauma in traumatized dogs, whereas high levels of oxidative stress related to the severity of trauma in dogs with no other underlying disease can be considered as a biological marker. However, in order to determine the prognosis and prevent the complications, further studies are needed to establish more specific markers.

A study on the morphological structure of the tongue in Gerze rooster and Gerze chicken

2017-11-01

Aim: The purpose of this study is to determinate morphological structure of tongue on the Gerze rooster and Gerze chicken. Materials and Methods: In this study seven Gerze roosters and seven Gerze chickens were used. Tongues of the animals were dissected and then measured morphometrically.Afterward, parts of the materials were subjected to routine histologic procedures and were embedded in paraffin blocks. The sections (5μ) were obtained from paraffin blocks, and preparated with Crossmans triple staining technique. Results: The total length of the tongue was 26.15±0.64 mm in the Gerze rooster and 25.83±0.19 mm in the Gerze chicken. In Gerze rooster, the widht and thickness of the apex, corpus and radix linguae were in 3.40±0.12 mm, 1.89±0,13 mm; 6.69±0.23 mm, 4,19±0.2 mm; 10.76±0.22 mm, 6.07±0.16 mm respectively. In Gerze chicken the widht and thickness of the apex, corpus and radix linguae were 3.39±0.19 mm, 1.82±0.07 mm; 6.26±0.19 mm, 4.18±0.31 mm ve 10.88±0.12 mm, 6.00±0.11 mm respectively. The row of the papillae linguales caudales on the radix linguae was determinated approximately 16-17 in the right side and 18-19 in the left side. There is an additional row formed by 2 papillae on the right side and 3-4 papillae on the left side. These papillae were on the prominent immediately behind the papillae linguales caudales. Conclusion: The morphological characteristics of Gerze rooster and chicken were determined in the study. The differences and similarities between the poultry species were determined and compared. The properties were similar to domestic poultry in general. The findings were thought to contribute to the anatomical literature.

Determination of the effects of Mentha caucasica on histology of small intestine in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Emrah Sur, Tamer Çağlayan, Nariste Kadıralieva, Erdoğan Şeker — 2017-11-01

Aim: This study was carried out to determine the effect of Mentha caucasica on histo-morphology of the small intestine at light microscopic level in Japanese quails. Materials and Methods: One day-old Japane¬se quail chicks (n=30) were used in the study. The quails were randomly divided into 3 groups which consist of 10 animals for each.as control, M1 (0,75% mint content) and M2 (1,5% mint content). Animals were fed diets containing different mint content for six weeks. At the end of the study, the birds were killed by cervical dislocation. The duodenum, jejunum and ileum samples were collected. After routine hitological process, the serial sections were stained with Crossmon's trichrome and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) reaction. All sections were evaluated under the light microscope and were photographed by digital camera and were recorded. Villus height, villus width, crypt depth, and thickness of tunica muscularis were measured and Goblet cell numbers were calculated. Results: The average villus height, crypt depth, and thickness of tunica muscularis were increased in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum depending on the mint content (p<0,01) whereas villus width was decreased in duodenum and jejunum in both mint groups (p<0,001). Goblet cell number was not changed in duodenum (p>0,05) but it was decreased (p<0,001) in jejunum in M1 group hereas the number was increased (p<0,001) in ileum of M2 group animals. Conclusion: Mint supplementation effected the histology of small intestine in concentration dependent manner.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in milk from dairy cows with chronic mastitis

Hayriye Yeşim Can, Mehmet Elmalı, Yaşar Ergün — 2017-11-01

Aim: The aims of this study were: i) to isolate coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CPS) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) in milk from dairy cows with chronic recurrent mastitis, ii) to verify isolates in terms of Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by multiplex PCR, and iii) to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates by disk diffusion method. Materials and Methods: A total of 52 milk samples were collected from the dairy cows with chronic recurrent mastitis in Hatay province. Isolation and identification of CPS and CNS were detected by using classical culture method. All CPS and CNS isolates were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility and also, were confirmed as Staphylococcus spp., S. aureus and MRSA by multiplex PCR based on 16S rRNA, nuc, and mecA gene sequences, respectively. Results: Positive results were found in 48.0% of the milk samp-les. A total of 56 Staphylococcus spp. isolates (22 CPS and 34 CNS) were obtained from the positive samples. Twenty (90.9%) of the CPS isolates were detected as S. aureus. The mecA gene was detected in 18 (90%) of the S. aureus isolates. By disk dif-fusion method, resistance to erythromycin (66%), tetracycli-ne (62.5%), ampicillin (60.7%), penicillin (60.7%), cefoxitin (50%), oxacillin (46.4%), and chloramphenicol (5.3%) was also determined in this study. Conclusion: In the study, the detection of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus strains and especially MRSA in milk from dairy cows with chronic recurrent mastitis should be taken into account for potential spread through the dairy food chain.

Problems and expectations of beekeeping enterprises in Ardahan Province

Pınar Ayvazoğlu Demir, Erol Aydın, Kemal Yazıcı, Turgut Kırmızıbayrak — 2017-11-01

Aim: The study was carried out to determine the problems and precautions on beekeeping in Ardahan Province. Materials and Methods: The material of the research was the data obtained from the survey that was carried out with face-toface interviews with 216 people in 661 beekeeping enterprises operating in Ardahan province in 2013. Results: It was identified that 46.3% of beekeepers started beekeeping activities within the last 10 years, 60.7% of them had at least high school education level, and 93.5% of them had other occupations in addition to beekeeping. Only 37.5% of participants expressed that they were satisfied with the current prices of honey, and 8.8% of them stated that they had the opinion of quitting beekeeping practices in the future. The beekeepers stated that three of the most important problems that they encountered were "providing quality queen bee", "bee diseases and harms of these diseases" and "low productivity of bee breeds". Conclusion: In the study conducted in the province of Ardahan, it was determined that the problems related to the sector were in a situation that could not be considered separately from the problems that were related to beekeeping practices all over the country, therefore there were common problems countrywide. For this reason, in order to solve the problems in beekeeping sector in Turkey; the cooperation among beekeeping associations, universities and the Ministry of Agriculture about specializing and branding in organic/ecological beekeeping will bring an important momentum to the production of honey and other bee products.

Some morphological characteristics of Turkish shepherd dogs raised in breeder conditions various countries

Cafer Tepeli, Metin Erdoğan, Alper Yılmaz, Zafer Bulut, Peter Savolainen — 2017-11-01

Aim: This research was conducted to compare some morphological characteristics of shepherd dogs, phenotypically similar to Turkish shepherd dogs, raised in public areas in Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan. Materials and Methods: A total of 468 dogs of different ages were used in the study. Body measurements such as shoulder height, rump height, body length, front chest width, chest depth, chest girth, head girth, head length and muzzle length were taken from the dogs. Results: There were significant differences between Kangal dogs in Turkey and dogs in the Kangal phenotype of Iran, Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan regarding some body measurements, such as shoulder height,, body length, and chest circumference (P<0.01). It can be said that Kangal dogs raised in public areas in Turkey are bigger size than Kangal dogs in other countries. Conclusion: Morphological comparisons of Turkish Shepherd Dog Breeds can be extended by including similar phenotype dogs in Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan.