Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences - 2020; 36(4)

Comparison of the effects of two pre-synchronization protocols (G6G and PG-3-G) on some reproductive performance parameters in Holstein cows

Metehan Kutlu, Dursun Ali Dinç — 2020-12-01

Aim: The present study was aimed to determine effects of G6G and PG-3-G presynchronization protocols on some reproductive parameters in Holstein cows between postpartum 28-40 days. Materials and Methods: Cows in the G6G group (n=35) were treated with PGF2α on day (d) 0, GnRH on days 2 and 8, and PGF2α on day 15. The injection of last GnRH was applied 56 hours after the second PGF2α injection and then timed artifical insemination (TAI) was performed 16-18 hours later. Cows in the PG-3-G group (n=35) were treated with PGF2α on day 0, GnRH on day 3 and 10, and PGF2? on day 17. The injection of last GnRH and TAI were applied as they were done for G6G group. Results: There were no statistical differences between the G6G and PG-3-G groups in terms of submission rate (100% and 100%), the first-service pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI) (42.9% and 51.4%), calving to first insemination interval (53.5 and 54.0 d), calving to conception interval (54.1 and 53.7 d), calving interval (334.1 and 333.7 d) were determined. When the data analyzed according to the protocol at the beginning of cows to be "cyclic" and "noncyclic", P/AI were found to be 64.7% and 41.5%, respectively. The difference between the groups was tended to be significant (p=0.098). Conclusion: Start of presynchronization protocols in the early postpartum period, provides 100% SR after the voluntary waiting period. It is clearly shown that the presynchronization protocols reduces the calving interval less than 400 days. Time and labor cost could be saved as there would be no needs for oestrus detection and appropriate P/AI could also be achieved in non-cyclic cows.

Re-evaluation of the efficacy of Oxfendazole+Oxyclozanide combination against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep, a long time after the introduction into the Turkish antiparasitic drug market

Onur Ceylan, Uğur Uslu, Ceylan Ceylan, Abdullah Küçükyağlıoğlu, Bayram Şenlik — 2020-12-01

Aim: This study was performed to re-evaluate the efficacy of the combination oxfendazole+oxyclozanide, after thirty years of its introduction into the Turkish antiparasitic drug market. Materials and Methods: In this study, 32 sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were used. Sheep were selected on the basis of the number of eggs in one gram of their fecal sample. Sheep selected were divided into two groups: group I, sheep were treated orally at day zero, with oxfendazole+oxyclozanide combination at a dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg of body weight, respectively; group II, sheep were used as untreated controls. Fecal samples were collected from each sheep on day 1 of their treatment, and on days 7, 14, and 21 of post-treatment. To determine the anthelmintic drug treatment?s efficacy, individual sheep?s fecal egg count per gram of feces was determined by performing McMaster method and fecal egg count reduction test. Results: Fecal egg counts of these two groups were statistically not different on the day of treatment. At day 7 of post-treatment, few eggs were detected only in one sheep, and the mean of fecal egg counts of the treatment group was 66.7 ±66.7. On days 14 and 21 of post-treatment, fecal egg counts decreased to zero in the treatment group but significantly did not change in the control group. The efficacy of the combination was found to be 100% at day 14 and 21 of post-treatment. Conclusion: This study revealed that the combination oxfendazole+oxyclozanide was highly effective against the gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep.

Prevalence of Eimeria species in sheep in Eskişehir province

Mustafa Eser, Ahmet Göksu, Hatice Çiçek, Mahmut Sinan Erez, Hasan Çiçek — 2020-12-01

Aim: The study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of Eimeria species in sheep in Eskişehir province, Turkey, where sheep breeding is common. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 300 merino sheep raised in the Seyitgazi, İnönü, Mihalgazi and Mahmudiye districts of Eskişehir. Fecal samples from each sheep were brought to the laboratory and examined by Fulleborn saturated salt flotation method. Eimeria oocyst number per gram of feces (OPG) was determined by the Modified McMaster method in positive fecal samples. Later, each positive sample was added to 2.5% Potassium dichromate in separate Petri dishes and left to be sporulated in the laboratory. The measurement of sporulated oocysts was made micro metrically with the DS-5M-L1 digital camera system at x100 magnification of the Nikon Eclipse 80i trinocular research microscope. Species identification of Eimeria oocysts was made according to the morphological features reported in the literature. Chi-square (????²) test was used to analyze the data. Results: Eimeria species were identified in 61 (20.33%) of the 300 samples of feces. In total nine different Eimeria species were identified including Eimeria ovinoidalis (57.38%), E. ahsata (45.90%), E. bakuensis (42.62%), E. parva (42.62%), E. crandallis (11.48%), E. granulosa (4.92%), E. faurei (3.28%), E. intricata (3.28%) and E. weybridgensis (3.28%). The infection rate was higher in young animals than older animals (p <0.05). Infection with 2-5 species was frequently detected in infected animals. No clinical findings were observed in the examined animals. Conclusion: The high prevalence of pathogenic species shows that Coccidiosis is a risk for sheep raised in Eskişehir province. Potential economic effects of Coccidiosis can be reduced by informing breeders about disease prevention and control methods.

Determination of helminths in various birds (aves) living in The Lake Çavuşçu

Fatma Hüğül, Feyzullah Güçlü — 2020-12-01

Aim: This research was carried out for the purpose of detecting the helminth fauna of wild birds inhabiting in The Lake Çavuşçu which is located in Province of Konya, district of Ilgın in Central Anatolian Region of Turkey and migratory birds staying in this lake at certain times of the year. Materials and Methods: One hundred wild birds of 12 species collected from The Lake Çavuşçu were brought to the laboratory. The birds were checked for external localized helminths, the quills were plucked and the helminths that could be found under the skin were searched. After necropsies, helminths collected from organs and ingredients were fixed in %70 hot alcohol. The helminths, which are transparent in lactophenol, were examined under stereo and fluorescent microscope, and then species identification was made. Results: In the research, a total of 33 helminths species, including 13 trematodes, seven cestodes, 10 nematodes and three acanthocephalans were identified. Seven of these species identified (Patagifer bilobus, Petasiger jubilarum, P. neocomense, P. skrjabini, Confluaria sp., Diorchis stefanskii, Diploposthe laevis) were recorded for the first time in Turkey. Conclusion: As a result of the findings, helminth fauna of wild birds in Turkey to investigate the effect might have on domestic poultry it has concluded that more comprehensive and specific research needs to be done to avian species.

Structural characteristics and problems of dairy farms in Balıkesir province

Burak Mat, Yavuz Cevger — 2020-12-01

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to reveal the structural characteristics and production problems of dairy farms in Balıkesir province. Materials and Methods: The material of the study was obtained from the establishments located in Balıkesir provinces and districts and which are members of the Balıkesir Cattle Breeders Association, using the questionnaire. In determining the sample, the stratified sampling method was used and 135 enterprises were calculated. The variables are mean ± standard deviation and Median (Maximum-Minimum) percentage and frequency values are used. While performing data analysis, Kruskal Wallis and Bonferroni-Dunn tests were used for comparing three or more groups. Results: It was determined that 49.6% of dairy cattle enterprise owners were high school graduates and 63% did not participate in any training related to dairy cattle breeding. While the technology usage rate is 10.3% in small-scale enterprises, this rate has reached 100% in large-scale enterprises. It has been determined that dairy farms produce an average of 68% of the roughage that they use as input. According to the data obtained from the enterprises, an average of 5.51 tons of milk was obtained in 2017 and 5.40 tons of milk in 2018 from one cow in a lactation period. Conclusion: In the province of Balıkesir, economic transformation and development has been experienced in favor of the tourism and industry sectors in recent years. This situation decreases pasture areas and forage crop production and therefore livestock sector is negatively affected at provincial level. It was determined that some yield parameters of dairy cattle farming within the scope of the research deviated from the desired standard values. With the measures to be taken and the training studies to be carried out in these enterprises, these efficiency parameters will be brought to the desired values and will enable the enterprises to increase their profitability and efficiency. The realization of this increase in dairy cattle in Turkey with long-term to ensure self-sufficiency in the sector and will contribute significantly to minimizing the import of livestock.

Determining the factors affecting cattle and small ruminant enterprises to get animal life insurance

Burak Mat, Mustafa Bahadır Çevrimli, Mustafa Agah Tekindal, Aytekin Günlü — 2020-12-01

Aim: This research is aimed to determine the reasons why producers have/do not have animal life insurance (ALI), as well as to determine the factors that affect this situation and to suggest solutions that will contribute to increasing the rate of insurance. Materials and Methods: The material of the research was determined by the Agricultural Insurance Pool (TARSİM) as the enterprises engaged in small ruminant and cattle breeding in the provinces of Afyonkarahisar, Aksaray, Ankara, Burdur, Karaman and Konya. The minimum number of enterprises targeted to be visited and their distribution according to the provinces was calculated according to the Neyman stratified sampling method. Within the scope of the research, data collected from 252 enterprises were evaluated. In the analysis of the data, the relationship between the two variables was evaluated using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient and the Spearman Correlation Coefficient when it did not meet the prerequisites for parametric testing. Categorical data were analyzed by Fisher's Exact Test and Chi-Square test. In order to determine the reasons for not taking out insurance, the obtained data were evaluated by explanatory factor analysis method. Results: In terms of professional experience; Having less than 5 years of professional experience, having a certificate of disease freeness in enterprises, and have additional income sources other than animal husbandry the insurances rate of the enterprises are increasing. It can be said that the data of the relevant scale are suitable for factor analysis (p <0,05) and that the construct validity of the measuring tool is generally provided according to the factor analysis results. In the ALI Attitude Scale, which was developed as a result of factor analysis, the questions were distributed to 4 factors. The factors are respectively; Expectations from Insurance, Insurance Awareness, Procedure and Belief, Financial Factors, and Cost. Conclusion: The first condition for increasing the rate of having ALI is that producers should be constantly informed about ALI. It should be taken into consideration that some positive additional support and incentives, additional scoring, incentive payment priority, etc., may contribute positively to the system in producing policies and premiums.

The effect of lactation number, milk yield and days in milk on hormonal support following insemination in repeat breeder cows

Hasan Alkan, Hüseyin Erdem — 2020-12-01

Aim: To investigate the effect of number of lactations, milk yield and days in milk on hormonal support following insemination in repeat breeder cows. Materials and Methods: 169 Holstein cows that gave birth at least once, had regular sexual cycles and did not get pregnant although inseminated at least 3 times were used in the study. PGF2?+ovsynch estrus synchronization protocol was applied to cows included in the study. Fixed time inseminated cows (Day 0) were divided into 4 groups. In the first group (Group I, progesterone group, n=42), progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID) was placed in the vagina at the 84th hour and removed from the vagina on the 9th day. hCG was administered intramuscularly to the cows included in the second group (Group II, hCG group, n=40) on day 7. In the third group (Group III, progesterone+hCG group, n=45), progesterone and hCG applications were combined. No application was made to the animals in the fourth group (Group IV, control group, n=42). Results: The conception rate on the 30th day after insemination was determined as 40.47% in Group I; 37.50% in Group II; 44.44% in Group III and 30.95% in Group IV (p>0.05). According to the number of lactations, no statistical difference was found in the conception rates in the groups except Group I (p>0.05). However, when all repeat breeder cows were evaluated, the conception rate of animals with a lactation number of ? 3 was found to be lower than those with a lactation number of 1 and 2. In addition, as the milk yield of cows in the control group increased, the conception rate decreased (p<0.05). There was no statistical difference between the groups according to the days in milking (p>0.05). Conclusion: Although the conception rate did not increase statistically in hormone applied cows; it was found higher in hormonal support groups than control group. In addition, it was determined that the number of lactation and the days in milk did not affect the conception rate in repeat breeder cows, but the conception rate decreased as the milk yield increased.

The effect of carprofen administration on conception rate after artificial insemination on heifers with prolonged in breeding age

2020-12-01

Aim: The aim of this study was to determined the effect of carprofen administration on conception rate after artificial insemination on heifers with prolonged in breeding age Materials and Methods: Animal material of the study formed; at the age of 18 months and over, 156 head Simental and Brown breed heifers with body condition score of 3,50, was'nt obtained pregnancy although it was inseminated >3 times before. PGF2α was administered intramuscularly to heifers in which on rectal palpation and real-time ultrasound examinations, corpus luteum is determined in the ovary and do not detect any pathology in the oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva. On the second and third days after prostaglandin F2α administration, artificial insemination was performed on heifers with showing oestrus (day 0). Inseminated heifers were divided into two experimental groups. Carprofen was administered subcutaneously to the heifers in the Karprofen -13 (Kr-13) group on the 13th day and Karprofen -14 (Kr-14) on the 14th day . No administered was made to the heifers the control groups of both experimental groups. Pregnancy examinations of the inseminated heifers were performed on the 30th day by real time ultrasonography Results: Conception rates in the 13th day experimental and control groups were 46,80% and 47,36%, respectively; On the 14th day, it was determined as 37,14% and 47,22% in the experimental and control groups (p> 0,05). Conclusion: As a result, it has been determined that the carprofen administration does not increase the pregnancy rate on the 13th or 14th day after insemination in heifers with prolonged in breeding age.

The evaluation of biofilm production by Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus isolates

Bilal Osamah Mohammed Mohammed, Uçkun Sait Uçan — 2020-12-01

Aim: The purpose of this study is to measure biofim production capabilities of Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus isolates. Materials and Methods: Forty one horse strains of Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus from the laboratory stock collection of Microbiology Department of the Veterinary Faculty, Selçuk University were evaluated by the biofilm formation using three different methods: Congo red agar, crystal violet staining method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Incompatibility between the results obtained from Congo red agar and crystal violet staining methods was detected. Nineteen out of 31 positive strains gave strong positive on Congo red agar while 30 of them were considered as strongly biofilm producing strains in crystal violet staining method. The biofilm production was confirmed and the biofilm layers were detected by using the SEM microscope. Conclusion: Equine clinicians in this Country should be aware of that Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus isolates are capable of forming biofilm in vitro.

Creatine kinase activity in the assessment of muscle injuries following lateral recumbency and standing restraint positions for rumenotomy in Kano-Brown Goats

Abubakar Mshelia Saidu, Samuel Tanko Fadason, Gabriel Enenche Ochube, Sani Adamu — 2020-12-01

Aim: The study was to evaluate and establish the comparative advantages offered by two conventional lateral recumbence rumenotomy techniques and a locally fabricated mobile small ruminant chute for standing position rumenotomy based on the profiles of creatine kinase activity. Materials and Methods: Eighteen (of n = 24) Kano-Brown goats (KBGs) of both sexes diagnosed of rumen foreign body impaction (RFBI) were allocated to groups A, B and D. Goats in groups A and B underwent rumen skin clamp fixation (RSCF) and stay suture rumenotomy (SSR) techniques respectively, while on lateral recumbency. Goats in group D underwent rumenotomy while on standing restraint using fabricated mobile small ruminant surgical chute (MSRSC). The six other KBGs that are free of RFBI served as control (Group C). Blood were collected via the jugular veins at Pre, 0, 5, 24, 48, 72 hours and at weeks 1, 2 and 3 to harvest serum that were stored at -200C until creatine kinase activity ELISA. Results: Mean creatine kinase activity in group D (388.66 ± 28.11 U/L) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the value in group A (924.55 ± 254.66 U/L) in the mixed-sex. Males of group A (1148.09 ± 438.94 U/L) was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than group B (459.56 ± 84.16 U/L) and D (503.60 ± 23.37 U/L). Conclusion: Standing restraint rumenotomy had no significant alterations in the creatine kinase activity, thus; suggests it could be adopted in small ruminants.

The effect of interferon alpha administration on cytokine levels in sheep

Devran Coşkun, Merve İder, Mustafa Sedat Arslan, Rahmi Canbar, Enver Yazar — 2020-12-01

Aim: The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of parenteral recombinant human interferon (rHuIFN)-?2a administration on serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-?, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels in healthy sheep. In addition, the main physiological parameters (rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate), hemogram and blood gas parameters were determined, as well. Materials and Methods: In this study, 9.000.000 IU rHuIFN-?2a was administered subcutaneously in 10 Merinos sheep. Blood samples were taken before (0 hours) and after at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. Rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rate were also determined at the same sampling times. Sheep-specific TNF-?, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were determined from serum samples by the ELISA reader. Hemogram and blood gas parameters were measured by complete blood cell counter and blood gas analyzer, respectively. Results: After rHuIFN-?2a treatment, TNF-? and IL-10 concentrations reached peak levels (p<0.05) at the 96 hours, whereas the IL-6 level did not change in a statistically significant (p>0.05). On the other hand, a temporary increase in rectal temperature and pO2 levels (p<0.05) were determined, while decreased potassium and ionized calcium levels (p<0.05) were measured. Statistically significantly (p<0.05) fluctuations were determined in pulse rate, white blood cell counts, pH, base(ecf) and sodium values. Conclusion: It may be stated that administration of rHuIFN-?2a showed immunological effects in sheep, as it is generally accepted as safe and can be considered for use in treatment.

Pathological, cytological, microbiological and molecular investigations of pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica

Mehmet Tuzcu, Nevin Tuzcu, Onur Başbuğ — 2020-12-01

Aim: In cattle breeding, pneumonia caused by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica is very important due to the economic losses caused. In this study, it was aimed to reveal cytological findings in pneumonic bovine lungs and nasal swaps due to P. multocida and M. haemolytica determined by microbiological methods and real time PCR. Materials and Methods: In this study, bacteriological culture, histopathological, cytological and real time PCR techniques were used in pneumonic bovine lungs. Cytological findings were evaluated in cases of pneumonia whose etiological agent was identified as M.haemolytica and P.multocida by real time PCR and were compared with other pneumonia types Results: Cytological findings were recorded in smear samples prepared from nasal swaps and lung samples. Pneumonia caused by P. multocida and M. haemolytica was detected in 23 cases (9.87%) out of 233 cattle with signs of pneumonia. P.multocida and M.haemolytica were determined to occur in about 51.11% of the animals with fibrinous pneumonia. During the cytological examination of these cases, neutrophils were seen increased in number compared to the other types of pneumonia. In addition to neutrophils, the number of lymphocytes and ciliated epithelial cells was also significantly increased in these cases compared to the other fibrinous pneumonia cases in which P.multocida ve M.haemolytica was not detected. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that P. multocida and M. haemolytica cause a fibrinous type of pneumonia and constitute an important portion of cattle respiratory diseases. Clinically, cytology results may be evaluated for the typing of pneumonia.

Photographic capture-recapture modeling for estimation stray animal population: A pilot study

Doğukan Özen, Erman Gülendağ, Hülya Özen — 2020-12-01

Aim: Capture and recapture is a commonly used method to estimate an animal population's size. The main purpose of this study was to introduce the Schumacher-Eschmeyer method, one of the capture and recapture methods which is used to determine the size of a closed population, with an application in a pilot area. Materials and Methods: A predetermined route was used to collect data at Campus of Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and animals were counted at five different visiting times. Photos of animals were taken for marking purposes in each visiting time and archived. The data about total captured animals, animals of which recaptured and unmarked animals were collected for each visiting times. Obtained data was calculated using Schumacher-Eschmeyer calculation index. Results: In the study, a total of 50 cats and 49 dogs were recorded on the route, which was observed for 5 days. As a result of each sampling period, the stray cat population in the campus was estimated as 41 (95% CI: 34-52) and the stray dog population as 28 (95% CI: 24-34) using the Schumacher-Eschmeyer method. Conclusion: The Schumacher-Eschmeyer model stands out as a practical method that can be used in the estimation of unknown populations when appropriate marking methods are used, the closed population assumption is provided and when more than two counts are performed.

The effect of different quality bedding materials used in dairy cows on milk yield

Onur Erzurum, Alper Yılmaz — 2020-12-01

Aim: This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of using different quality bedding materials on milk yields of dairy cows. Materials and Methods: The study material consisted of 92 head Holstein breed dairy cows of different ages and milk and video recordings of these cows for 365 days. In the study, 3 different types of bedding materials were used. These are grouped as type 1 (mattress), type 2 (mat) and type 3 (rubber mat). There is a minimum of 30 cows in each group. Results: As a result of the research; It was found that milk yield was higher in mattress bed material of cows raised in free stall barns, while lying time was longer in mat bedding material. Conclusion: It uses many different products (straw, straw, concrete, sand, mat, matress, etc.) as bedding material in animal husbandry enterprises. Animals prefer softer, dry and comfortable areas to rest and lie down. Increasing rest and lying times affects milk yield positively and increases yield. Therefore, it is important in terms of productivity that enterprises provide animals with a comfortable and comfortable space. Considering all these, it is recommended to use mattress beds in enterprises.