Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences - 2021; 37(4)

Sexual dimorphism in the sheep corpus callosum using 3 tesla MRI

Sedat Aydoğdu, Emrullah Eken, Mustafa Koplay — 2021-12-01

Aim: This study aims to determine the morphological and morphometric differences of the corpus callosum in terms of sex using high-resolution images obtained from formalin-fixed sheep brains by 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: In the study, a total of 18 adult healthy Akkaraman sheep brains (9 females and 9 males), which had no anomaly and were fixed with formaldehyde, were used. Morphometric measurements in sheep brains were performed on T2-weighted images obtained from 3T MRI. First, the midsagittal cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum was calculated using MIMICS. Before morphometric measurements, images were converted from DICOM format to NIfTI format in the MRcronGL. Then, the normalization of the images were performed using the standard template in the ITK-SNAP. After that images were opened in the ITK-SNAP, and morphometric measurements were performed in genu corporis callosi, truncus corporis callosi, and splenium corporis callosi. Results: In sheep, the lower surface of the truncus corporis callosi, which forms the roof of the ventriculus lateralis, was more concave than dog and cat, and flatter than human, horse and rabbit. There was no sexual dimorphism in corpus callosum length, midsagittal corpus callosum cross-sectional area, genu corporis callosi width, truncus corporis callosi width and splenium corporis callosi width. Similarly, no sexual dimorphism was observed in the ratio between midsagittal corpus callosum cross-sectional area and brain weight and volume. However, it was observed that the ratio between surface area and volume was very close to the difference frequently encountered in this parameter in studies conducted in humans and other mammals. Conclusion: It is thought that the findings obtained from healthy sheep brains in this study can be used in neurodegenerative disease models created in sheep in neuroscience studies and experimental studies.

The effects of Coenzyme Q10 on testes of rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin

Tuğba Özaydın, Yasemin Öznurlu, Emrah Sur — 2021-12-01

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of CoQ₁₀ on testes in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, thirty-four adult male Wistar Albino rats were used. The animals were divided into five groups: Control group (K), oil group (Y; daily intraperitoneal injection of 0,3 ml corn oil), CoQ₁₀ group (CoQ₁₀ ; daily intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg CoQ₁₀ ), Diabetes group (D; subcutan injection of 40 mg/kg STZ, single daily dose for two days), and Diabetes+ CoQ₁₀ group (D+CoQ₁₀ ; Diabetic rats was injected daily intraperitoneally 10 mg/kg CoQ₁₀ ). At the end of fourth week, tissue samples were obtained from sacrified animals. Testes were weighed, then fixed in Bouin's solution and processed by means of routine histological techniques. Sections were stained with H&E staining method to determine the general histological structure. Also, PCNA reactivity was determined by immunohistochemical method. Results: The mean body weight was significantly decreased in diabetes and diabetes+ CoQ₁₀ groups when compared to control, oil and CoQ₁₀ groups but the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was found higher in diabetes groups (p<0.05). Mean seminiferous tubular diameter (STD), height of germinal epithelium (GEH) and PCNA index were significantly reduced in diabetes groups in comparison with control, oil, CoQ₁₀ and diabetes+CoQ₁₀ groups (p<0.05). In diabetes+CoQ₁₀ group showed significantly increase in STD, GEH and PCNA index compared to diabetes group (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, CoQ₁₀ play a role in reducing the cellular damages caused by diabetes.

Evaluation of the effects of increasing doses of meloxicam on hematological, biochemical and hemostatic blood parameters in sheep

Fulya Altınok Yipel, Hüseyin Güngör — 2021-12-01

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of intravenous administration of meloxicam at increasing doses (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg) on hematological, biochemical and coagulation parameters in sheep. Materials and Methods: Clinically healthy sheep were randomly divided into groups as Group 1 (n:6), Group 2 (n:6) and Group 3 (n:6). Meloxicam was administered intravenously as a single dose of 0,5 mg/kg in Group 1, 1 mg/kg in Group 2 and 2 mg/kg in Group 3. To determine the effect of increasing single doses of meloxicam on hematological, biochemical and coagulation factors, blood samples were collected at 0, 24, and 72 hours. In addition, hemogram (RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, HCT, WBC, HGB, RDW, MPV, PDW, PCT, PLT) and biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, TP, UREA, CREA, CHOL, TRIG, ALB) ) and the levels of coagulation parameters (PT, APTT, INR, FIB) were determined. Results: In groups; Differences in biochemical parameters other than UREA and parameters of RBC, HCT, MCV, MCHC, MPV were statistically significant (p<0,05). It was observed that there was no statistically significant difference in terms of their relationship with hemostatic blood parameter levels. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is thought that further studies techniques such as molecular diagnostic methods are needed in terms of hemostatic, hematological and biochemical effects of increasing single doses of meloxicam in sheep.

Evaluation of hepatokines, proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and energy related metabolism analytes and hematological parameters in dairy cows with placental retention

Efe Kurtdede, Erdal Kara, Taha Burak Elifoğlu, Ufuk Kaya — 2021-12-01

Aim: To investigate the serum levels of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1Β), IL-6, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and energy-related metabolism analytes and hematological parameters in cows with placental retention (PR). Materials and Methods: In the presented study, blood samples were taken from the coccygeal veins of 10 cows with PR and 10 healthy control cows. All of the samples were analyzed to determine the serum glucose, unesterified fatty acid (NEFA), triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), SOD, and MDA levels. Blood serum hepatokines, ANGPTL4, FGF21 levels, proinflammatory cytokine response parameters, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 levels were evaluated. Results: As a result, the increase in serum AST (p < 0.05) indicated altered liver function. During negative energy balance, the serum NEFA levels (p < 0.05) increased, and serum HDL levels (p < 0.05) decreased as indicators of an increased risk of metabolic pathology. Increases in the serum ANGPTL4, FGF21, CRP, and SOD (p < 0.001) and IL-6, MDA, creatine kinase levels (p < 0.05) were evaluated as indicators of the development of effective metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress. The monocyte count was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the cows with PR. Conclusion: It was concluded that significant increases in the serum ANGPTL4 and FGF2 levels were associated with energy balance, effective cytokine responses, and oxidative stress in dairy cows with PR.

Biochemical and hematological profiles of wistar rats at the Selcuk University experimental medicine research and application center

2021-12-01

Aim: Breeders provide a set of reference values for the specific populations, however, rats produced in local experimental animal research centers may have undergone physiological and genetic changes. Our aim in this study was to contribute to further studies by investigating the biochemical and hematological profile of Wistar rats raised under standard local conditions at the Selcuk University Experimental Medicine Research and Application Center (SUDAM), Konya, Turkey. Materials and Methods: The study included 1 (male=15, female=15), 3 (male=15, female=15), 6 (male=15, female=15), and 12-month-old (male=15, female=15) Wistar rats living their normal lives in the Animal House of SUDAM. Selected biochemical and hematological parameters were measured with the Beckman AU 5800 and Beckman Coulter LH-780 analyzers, respectively. Results: Urea, creatinine, ALT, albumin, globulin, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and MCH levels differed significantly between rats according to months (p<0.05). When the selected biochemical and hematological parameters were compared according to gender, it was found that glucose, urea, ALP, amylase, albumin, total protein, CK, cholesterol, triglyceride, sodium, potassium, RBC, hematocrit, MCH, platelet, WBC, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil levels showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study proved that biochemical and hematological parameters of Wistar rats may alter with factors such as age, gender, environment, and nutrition.

Modeling and forecasting of egg production in India using time series models

2021-12-01

Aim: Eating habits have changed in India and this change has also affected protein consumption habits. The change in eating habits of egg products is an indication of this. Considering the population growth rate and the resulting increase in egg demand, the countries should increase their production of protein poultry products. Aim of the study was to obtain results for both policymakers and suppliers to develop strategies with the forecast of egg consumption. Materials and Methods: In this study, the production of Eggs in India is considered and forecasts are made by the several time series model such as the ARIMA, BATS, TBATS, and Holt'slinear trend. The testing data for the production of the egg is considered from 2015-2019. Results: It is detected that Holt's Linear Trend Model is the best fit model for forecasting. The MAPE values are obtained as 2.137%, 5.378%, 4.681%, and 1.392% by the best-fitted models BATS, TBATS, ARIMA (1,2,2), and Holt?s Linear Trend respectively. According to Holt?s linear trend Model, the Eggs production continues its upward trend in India. The Eggs production in India would be increased from 111350.3 to 148696.9 during the period 2019-2020 to 2023-2024. Conclusion: This study might help policymakers in the Livestock sector to under standard making strategies for the future to invest in it. Furthermore, it is important to make a strategic plan for eggs export, eggs supply, eggs demand, and eggs prices by the Indian government.

Socio-economic analysis of ovine livestock farms supported by the young farmer project within the scope of rural development

Muharrem Satar, Engin Sakarya — 2021-12-01

Aim: This study was carried out in order to reveal the socio-economic structure and changes in the process of small ruminant enterprises supported by young farmer projects within the scope of rural development in Turkey. Materials and Methods: The materials of the study were composed of data obtained from businesses of small ruminant enterprises first time starting in 2016 thanks to the young farmers project, with a simple random sampling method in Turkey's seven geographical regions selected from 121 enterprises rom provided with face to face interviews. The fate of 40 small ruminants (males + 38 females) given to the enterprises in kind in 2016 within the scope of the project at the end of the control and inspection period of the project, how many of the enterprises have continued their activities after this process; the findings regarding the social and economic status and sustainability of the ongoing enterprises evaluated. Results: It has been determined that the ratio of the enterprises that continue their activities is 85.1%; 87% of the determination of these businesses that continue their activities to continue animal husbandry although approximately one year has passed since the control, inspection and sanction period of the enterprises visited within the scope of the research. It has been determined that the owners of the enterprises composed of young farmers 30 years old on average with low income, 98% are married, 86% are women and more than 90% are secondary school graduated. It has been observed that the spouses and other family members who work as "wage workers in their own business" of the enterprises are also a working collective family business although their profitability is low. Also, it was determined that the public resources used in 2016 in real terms gained a value ratio of 45.3% at the end of 2018 and ratio of 68.7% at the end of 2019. Conclusion: Although it is a positive situation that 85% of the ovine breeding projects implemented in Turkey continue their activities thanks to the young farmer project, İt will contribute to agricultural sustainability if young farmers establish NGOs and/or cooperatives where they can cooperate with themselves and with public institutions/organizations in order to defend their social and economic rights. However, giving the grant not all at once, by dividing it into years and having the applicants prepare a "business plan" will ultimately contribute to the sustainability of the projects, as well as to the youth's staying in the agriculture, livestock sector and their agricultural sustainability.

Bibliometrical analysis of the scientific studies of history of veterinary medicine and deontology academicians (1950-2015)

Özgül Küçükaslan, Ali Yiğit — 2021-12-01

Aim: The aim of the research is to evaluate the scientific studies conducted by the history of veterinary medicine and deontology in Turkey in terms of bibliometric properties. Materials and Methods: In this study, which is planned to be carried out periodically, first of all, the 65-year time period from the establishment of the first department of the field to 2015 is discussed. Thereafter, it is planned to update the study at ten-year intervals. The material of this study was composed of the data included in the research named "Bibliography of scientific studies of the history of veterinary medicine and deontology academicians in Turkey (1950-2015)". In this context, in the bibliography; bibliometric analysis of theses, book / book chapters, articles and presentations were made. Studies were evaluated in terms of year, subject and journal variables. The data were analyzed in tables. Results: It was determined that the highest number of doctoral theses (n=11, 40.74%), book/book chapters (n=18, 34.62%) and national articles (n=83, 32.55%) were prepared between 2010-2015. The highest number of articles abroad (n=13, 39.40%) was published between 2000-2009, the highest number of national presentations (n=102, 45.33%) were presented between 2000-2009, and the highest number of international presentations (n=84, %56,75) was presented between 2010- 2015. When the subject trends of the academicians were evaluated, it was determined that the most studies were done on history (Doctoral theses (n=19, 70.38%), book/book chapters (n=20, 38.46%), national articles (n=183, 71.76%), articles abroad (n=14, 42.43%), national presentations (n=103, 45.78%) and international presentations (n=86, 58.11%). The most national articles were published in the Journal of the Turkish Veterinary Medical Society (n=60, 23.53%), the most articles abroad were published in the Journal of Veterinary Medical Education (n=5, 15.15%). Conclusion: With this study, the bibliometric profile of the studies in the field was revealed and the general tendencies of the academicians were tried to be determined. It is thought that the study will contribute to the determination of the scientific level of the history of veterinary medicine and deontology, which is getting richer with scientific research and publication activities. It can be argued that the scientific performance of the field can be determined by conducting bibliometric studies periodically within the framework of the determined date ranges and it will shed light on the qualitative and quantitative evaluations to be made for the field performance.

Comparison of some hematological and serum biochemical variables in Kangal Akkaraman, Texel and Île De France ewes in lactation period within Sivas province

Mehmet Ekici, Abdurrahman Takcı, Mehmet Buğra Kıvrak — 2021-12-01

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to compare some hematological and biochemical variables in Kangal Akkaraman, Texel, and Île de France sheep breeds in the lactation period in Sivas province. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 ewe from three breeds (Kangal Akkaraman = 40, Texel = 40, Île de France = 40) who were clinically healthy nonpregnant and lactating (40-60 days) were used in the study. Hematological and biochemical variables analysis were performed using automatic cell counting and autoanalyzer devices. Results: There was no significant difference in WBC, Hb, MCHC, MPV levels between ewe breeds (p>0.05). RBC value was higher in Kangal Akkaraman than others (p<0.05). PCV values were higher in Kangal Akkaraman and Texel than Île de France (p<0.05). MCV and MCH values were lower in Kangal Akkaraman and Île de France compared to Texel (p<0.05). Although the PLT and RDW values were higher in Kangal Akkaraman (p<0.05), the PDW value was lower than others (p<0.05). Serum glucose level was lower in Texel than others (p<0.01). Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, ALT, albumin/globulin ratio, and Mg levels were not different between ewes (p>0.05). Serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and P levels were higher in Kangal Akkaraman compared to others (p<0.05). However, serum Ca levels were lower in Kangal Akkaraman than others (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results can constitute a reference value in these three sheep breeds reared in Sivas province, and help form a basis for future research.

An example of accreditation applications of veterinary education in Turkey within the frame of current European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education (EAEVE) parameters

Nigar Yerlikaya, Özgül Küçükaslan — 2021-12-01

Aim: Quality parameters are determined with accreditation standards in higher education institutes. EAEVE carries out international accreditation practices in our country. In this study, the last statuses of Turkish veterinary faculties in accreditation processes are evaluated as of December 2020. Besides, evaluation of the current status of Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (AUFVM) in accordance with European System of Evaluation of Veterinary Training (ESEVT) 2019 Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) criterion is aimed as an example from Turkey. Materials and Methods: In this study, the accreditation status of veterinary faculties in Turkey are evaluated. The data of AUFVM is evaluated following EAEVE's current 2019 SOP criterion and found out that the faculty is insufficient for 7 out of 22 main indicators. Excel file provided by European System of Evaluation of Veterinary Training (ESEVT) is used to calculate of the last 3 years' data of the faculty. Results: As of December 20, there are 27 fully accredited veterinary schools out of 101 members of EAEVE. Accordingly, there are 3 approved faculties out of 13 member faculties of EAEVE in Turkey as of December 2020. AUFVM is identified as the first member and approved faculty of EAEVE. As an example of Turkey, AUFVM?s data is compared with foreign approved or fully accreditated veterinary schools and strengths and weaknesses are determined. Conclusion: This study has authentic value in terms of being the first study in Turkey according to the EAEVE's last criteria (2020) as a quality commitment of accreditation processes. Consequently, following the latest accreditation criterion for all veterinary faculties in Turkey besides with novel researches is thought to be important in achieving international standardization of veterinary education.

The structure, functions and clinical significance of the glymphatic system

Tansu Kuşat, Emrah Sur — 2021-12-01

The glymphatic system is a newly discovered waste cleaning system. It provides active removal of metabolites and soluble proteins from the central nervous system (CNS). This system, formed by Aquaporin- 4 water channels (AQP-4) located on astrocytes and their cytoplasmic extensions, has an unlike perivascular canal network. It is remarkable that this system is active during sleep and cannot acts during the wakefulness process. The functioning of the current system in sleep state and the removal of neurotoxic waste products from the CNS accordingly reveal the importance of the biological requirement for sleep. Since the concept of the glymphatic system is a relatively new concept, we will evaluate its clinical significance in this review by looking at its basic structural elements, functions, and relationship with some certain neurodegenerative diseases. We will give information about some research showing that various diseases causing the functional impairment of the glymphatic system and also which diseases the functional impairment of the glymphatic system may cause.